important people gpt

important people gpt George KellyGeorge Kelly

George Kelly

• personal construct theory

• Approach: Personality consists of a system of personal constructs—mental filters to interpret the world.

• Emphasized cognitive processes in personality.

• Intelligence: Related to how people interpret and predict events.

• Important for exam: Personal construct system and role in personality.

Walter Mischel

• Cognitive-Affective Personality System

• Approach: Personality is a stable system of cognitive-affective units interacting with situations.

• Emphasized situational variability in behavior (vs. stable traits).

• Intelligence: Linked to self-regulation and cognitive-affective units.

• Important for exam: Critique of trait theories, importance of situation in personality.

Raymond Cattell 

• Factor Analysis, Trait Theory

• Approach: Used factor analysis to identify 16 primary personality factors (16PF).

• Intelligence: Developed fluid and crystallized intelligence concepts.

• Important for exam: 16PF test and intelligence components.

Gordon Allport

• Trait theory

• Approach: Personality is made up of traits, which are consistent over time.

• Distinguished between cardinal, central, and secondary traits.

• Intelligence: Seen as stable traits measurable over time.

• Important for exam: Trait hierarchy and focus on individual uniqueness.

Ivan Pavlov

• Classical conditioning

• Approach: Personality influenced by learned associations (classical conditioning).

• Intelligence: Learning via stimulus-response links.

• Important for exam: Classical conditioning principles applied to behavior and personality.

B.F. Skinner

• Behaviorism

• Approach: Personality shaped by environmental contingencies and operant conditioning.

• Behavior is learned via reinforcement and punishment.

• Intelligence: Viewed as learned behaviors, not innate traits.

• Important for exam: Role of conditioning in shaping personality and behavior.

Abraham Maslow

• Humanistic theory

• Approach: Hierarchy of needs culminating in self-actualization.

• Personality develops as people strive to satisfy needs from basic to advanced.

• Intelligence: Part of self-actualization and peak experiences.

• Important for exam: Maslow’s hierarchy and motivation.

Carl Jung

• Analytical Psychology

• Approach: Personality is influenced by the collective unconscious and archetypes.

• Introduced concepts of introversion and extraversion.

• Intelligence: Stressed spiritual and symbolic understanding.

• Important for exam: Jungian typologies (basis for MBTI) and archetypes.

Carl Rogers

• Humanistic theory

• Approach: Focus on self-actualization, free will, and unconditional positive regard.

• Personality is shaped by self-concept and need for growth.

• Intelligence: Emphasized personal growth and subjective experience over IQ.

• Important for exam: Client-centered therapy, self-actualization, and positive regard.

Sigmund Freud

• Psychoanalytic theory

• Approach: Personality shaped by unconscious conflicts, instincts, and early childhood experiences.

• Structure of personality: Id (instincts), Ego (reality), Superego (morality).

• Intelligence: Linked to psychic energy and defense mechanisms.

• Important for exam: Concept of unconscious drives and defense mechanisms in personality.

Albert Bandura

• Social learning theory

• Approach: Personality develops through → two-way interaction between the person & interaction of cognition, behavior, and environment (reciprocal determinism).

• Key concept: Observational learning (modeling) — learning by watching others.

• Intelligence: Emphasized the role of self-efficacy and cognitive processes in learning and behavior.

• Important for exam: Role of social learning in shaping personality and behavior.