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Name, place of origin, date, historical context
the good shepherd, orants, and the story of jonah on the ceiling of the catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus
in Rome
late 3rd to Early 4th century
contemplate the salvation of God and faith
built during a time where christianity was either illegal or barely being accepted
catacombs were meant to hide their expression of their religion.
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Colossus of Emperor Constantine, Acrolyth colossus
created to celebrate his reign over the empire and his legalization of christianity
he reigned in 313-337
created in 313-315
recognition of Christianity as a legal religion in Roman empire
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context, locate spandrels, columns, capital, round reliefs
Arch of Constantine
created in 313-315 AD
Created by the Roman senate as a way to commemorate Constantines victory at the Milvian Bridge (roman civil war)
he beat maxentius, his brother in law who was competing with him over claim of the throne
the arch contains spolia from other artworkers honoring past emperors like hadrian, and marcus aurelius.
they used spolia to place constantine at the level of respect as these past emperors who were highly admire
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Santa Sabina
Rome, 422-432,
built on top of tituli
very simple structure and is generally unadorned which plays into platos philosophical movement of neoplatonism
neoplatonism: only you can know the highest level of being. Ideal reality exists beyond the material world
Santa sabina contained earliest known imagery of christs crucifixion (on the doors), because it was considered shameful that he died by crucifixion.
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Christ Pantocrator
Christ Pantocrator, 6th c.
Encaustic on wood
Monastery of St. Catherine in Mount Sinai
means Christ the ruler of all
this is an icon which is used for worship, and is a representation, not portrait, of Christ
artistic style of this painting goes back to ancient portraits of mummification
this type of art was not for aesthetic, it was for purpose
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Empress Theodora and her attendants
San Vitale apse, ravenna, 547
larger focus on the subject of the painting rather than the naturalism and aesthetic
no spacial depth in this painting
shows the first imperial entrance into this building, empress theodora and emperor justinian
^^they never actually entered this building
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Justinian as the world conquerer (barberini ivory)
6th century, constantinople
created after justinian created the byzantine empire
wearing a military outfit and crown (asserts power)
both he and the horse are bursting out of the picture and are larger in proportion than other people which asserts their power
^^all conscious choices to show how powerful justinian was and his importance
Musée du Louvre, Paris
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Hagia Sophia
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (532-537), built under justinian rule
star wars building
Architects: anthemius of tralles and isidore of miletus
Building is made to transform the viewer into the spiritual realm from the physical one by ascension
highest building in the middle ages
built as a statement of the imperial power and authority of Justinian
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Santa Costanza
Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 350 Mausoleum of Constantina
imperial mausoleum because Constantina was constantines daughter
contains the sarcophagus of constantina c. 359
was built with a circular shape to represent eternal life, and the cycle of life
contains mosaic art that shows leaves and other beautiful plants in the barrel vaults
Contains the conch which shows the traditio legis
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Mosaic of the good shepherd mausoleum of galla placidia, ravenna, ca. 420-50.
contains representations of the sky, stars, and heavens
confident embodiment of christ
Galla placidia was the daughter of theodosius, but she was not buried here
more images of the cross since the original artwork in santa sabina
Name, place of origin, date, creator, historical context
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, Rome, c. 359
buried in the basilica of St. peters
Prefect of rome, he managed the city
inscription on the sarcophagus talks about him being newly baptized
he asked to be buried near st peter so that it would make him “holier” and help him in salvation
old and new testament carvings
made of ivory which was very expensive
themes of sacrifice, victorious christ, obedience, salvation, and faith
Battle of Milvian Bridge, 312
battle between constantine and maxentius
outskirts of rome
both were fighting for the throne of the empire
happened in 312
constantine defeated maxentius
they were brothers-in-law
constantine was able to defeat maxentius because he had a vision of the Chi-Rho
Edict of Milan, 313
Constantine with the Bishop of Milan, allows christians to practice their religion, will no longer be persecuted, given legal status
this was a good political move because of the rise of christians in the empire
Constantine began to fund Christian works of art and architecture
catacomb
underground passages and rooms that are usually used for religious purposes, especially burial
Began when christianity was illegal to practice in Rome as a hidden burial for the dead
Christians preferred burials over the pagan practice of burning the dead
Many early popes and saints were buried there and eventually the catacombs became property of the church
loculus/i
burial poles
the architectural compartment that houses a body
cubiculum/i
a single room usually occupied by a single person or family of high status
it would normally be entirely frescoed
reserved for elite members of communities
epitaph
a tomb inscription
sometimes objects or portraits were used as epitaphs to show who resided in the tomb
iconography
the use of visual images, symbols or figures to represent complex ideas, subjects or themes, that are important to different cultures.
acrolyth
statue made of stone
can also be combined with inferior material like wood or limestone
however normally carved in expensive stone
colossus
an extremely larger than life statue
soul portrait
when a figure looks up toward the heaven?
Looks as if the figure is alive
(not entirely sure)
spolia
the use of fragments from old art pieces to create a new piece of art
reuse of building materials or decorative sculpture in a new monument
syncretism
combining of various beliefs and schools of thought
for example, combining religions or cultures
Chi-Rho
means “Khristos”
monogram: X P
Christian symbol representing Christ
ICHTHYS
ICTHYS means fish in greek…it serves as an acronym which translates to Jesus Christ, Gods Son, savior
Several of jesus apostles were fishermen, he told them that he will make them fishers of men
usually used to identify other Christians and mark graves
eucharist
the body and blood of christ
commemorates Jesus last supper with his disciples
consumption as an act of worship
paten
a plate, typically made of gold or silver, used for holding the bread during the Eucharist and sometimes as a cover for the chalice.
chalice
a decorated cup used to hold the wine or the blood of christ during the Eucharist
basilica
in the roman world was a large building for lots of people…used as a general administrative center and court of law.. It was NOT a christian building at first
changed into Christian churches and centers for worship
easy change because there were no pagan characteristics in basilicas at the time
martyrium
a church or shrine built over a martyr's tomb, a place to preserve a martyr's relics, and the suffering or death of a martyr: nave
large passageway in the middle or center of the church building
answer: #1
aisles
a passageway in a church that runs parallel to the nave or choir and is separated from it by a row of columns, piers, or arcades
answer: #2
apse
a semicircular or polygonal recess in a church that often houses the altar or provides seating for the clergy
answer: #3
transept
either of the two parts forming the arms of the cross shape, projecting at right angles from the nave.
answer: #4
crossing
where the transept intersects the main body of the church
narthex
an enclosed porch or meeting area just inside the Western entrance of a Christian church.
answer: #5
atrium
An open courtyard at the entrance of a church, usually surrounded by covered aisles
answer: #6
axial plan
linear plan that draws you to the most sacred part of the building
organized on a longitudinal axis
most sacred spot of the church is at the very end
orants
a figure in a posture of prayer, usually standing with both arms raised and palms facing forward
colonnade/arcade
If the structure has columns or piers but does not have arches it is a collonnade
if it has arches it is an arcade
gallery
any covered passage that is open at one side
entablature
An entablature is the superstructure of moldings and bands which lies horizontally above columns, resting on their capitals.
clerestory
the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows. It is clear of the roofs of the aisles and admits light to the central parts of the building.
necropolis
A necropolis is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments aka large burial site
liminal
a concept in art that describes a place or state of transition or change, which can be physical or psychological
transition between the pagan religion and christian relion,
tituli being changed into actual churches
pendentive
used to go from the square base to the circular dome
icon
it means image in greek,
in art history it is a wooden panel with a saint on it
An icon is something that is private, private devotion, between the person and the image
They are meant to receive and grant prayers
Holy images that are active and activated
They can perform miracles and heal you, they are animated spirits of the saint
encaustic
a painting technique that uses a heated wax medium to create an enamel-like finish
mosaic
a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small colored pieces of hard material, such as stone, tile, or glass.
ciborium
canopy that stood on the spiral columns
titulus
houses that were used for the practice of Christianity when it was illegal in the empire
would eventually be turned into full churches that bore the name of the homeowner
typology
the study and interpretation of types and symbols, originally especially in the Bible.
Capella Palatina of Roger II, Palermo, Sicily, Italy (Norman Romanesque, c. 1066-
1170
Muhammad Al-Idrisi, World Map Palermo, Sicily, Italy (Norman Romanesque, c.
1066-1170
Bayeux Tapestry (now in Bayeux, France) (Norman Romanesque, c. 1066-1170)
a. Harold Makes an Oath to William
Tower of London (Norman Romanesque, c. 1066-1170)
Durham Cathedral (Norman Romanesque, c. 1066-1170
Abbot Suger, Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, Paris, France (Gothic, c. 1140-1300)
Abbot Suger, Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, Paris, France (Gothic, c. 1140-1300)
a. Tree of Jesse Window, Abbey Church of Saint-Denis, Paris, France (Gothic, c.
1140-1300
Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral, France (Gothic, c. 1140-1300
Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral, France (Gothic, c. 1140-1300 saint theodore south transept portal
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France (Gothic, c. 1140-1300
Attack on the Castle of Love, ivory casket made in Paris (Gothic, c. 1140-1300)
Giovanni Pisano, Virgin and Child, ivory, Siena, Italy (Gothic, c. 1140-1300
Bayeux Tapestry (now in Bayeux, France) (Norman Romanesque, c. 1066-1170) Death and Funeral of Edward the Confessor, King of England
Jean Pucelle, Annunciation, Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux, Paris, France (Gothic, c. 1140-
1300
Duccio, Maestà Altarpiece, Siena Cathedral, Italy (Gothic, c. 1140-1300
Giotto, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy (Late Gothic, c. 1300-1450 nativity
Giotto, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy (Late Gothic, c. 1300-1450 lamentation
Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, Annunciation with Sts Margaret and Ansanus,
Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy (Late Gothic, c. 1300-1450)
Gentile da Fabriano, Adoration of the Magi, Strozzi Chapel, Florence (Late Gothic, c.
1300-1450)
