ap psych - unit 5.0: semester 2

neurodevelopmental disorder >

a group of disorders with onset occurring during the developmental period

what are examples of neurodevelopmental disorders?

ADHD and ASD

what are symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders?

exhibiting behaviors not appropriate for one’s age or maturity range

ADHD >

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

what has broadened the diagnostic criteria for this disorder, promoting critics to wonder whether the criteria are now to broad?

DSM

what are the causes of ADHD?

• genetic

• co-exist with a learning disorder or defiant and temper-prone behavior

what percent is it that ADHD might be genetic?

76%

what are treatments for ADHD?

stimulant drugs including ritalin and adderall

what could also help with treatment for ADHD?

psychological therapy, therapy, and aerobic exercises

autism spectrum disorder (ASD) >

a cognitive and social-emotional disorder that is marked by social deficiencies and repetitive behaviors

what is the underlying source of symptoms of ASD?

poor communication among brain regions that work together to let us take another’s viewpoint (impaired theory of mind)

autism spectrums disorder has _________ levels of _________

different, severity

what is asperger syndrome also called?

level 1 autism

describe asperger sydrome?

• generally, functions at a high level

• may have a bit of trouble socially

• have normal intelligence

• often have exceptional skill or talent in a specific area

ASD >

• may lack the motivation and ability to interact and communicate socially

• tend to become distraction by irrelevant stimuli

• those at the spectrum’s more severe and struggle to use language

what are treatment for ASD?

behavior therapies, speech and language therapies, antipsychotic medication, stimulants, and antidepressants

what are the possible causes of neurodevelopmental disorders?

• environment

• physiological

• genetic

what is important to note?

that childhood vaccines do not contribute to ASD

how can environment cause neurodevelopmental disorders?

• prenatal environment

  • maternal infection

  • psychiatric drug use

  • stress hormones

how can physiological issues cause neurodevelopmental disorders?

underconnectivity in the brain structure (fewer than normal tracts connecting the front of the brain to the back)

how can genetic issues cause neurodevelopmental disorders?

• ASD has a high genetic factor

• no just one austism gene - can be over 400

• random genetic mutations in sperm cells - especially as men age

psychological disorder >

a syndrome (collection of symptoms) marked by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotions, or behavior

what does abnormal varies from?

culture, over time, person to person

what are the 4 D’s and M?

• deviance

• dysfunction

• distress

• danger

• maladaptive behavior

deviance >

behaviors deemed as unacceptable

dysfunction >

dysfunction behavior is significantly interfering with everyday life

distress >

being unhappy for an extended period of time

danger >

behavior harms the individual or other

maladaptive behaviors >

extreme coping mechanisms developed to deal with a problem (washing hand till they bleed)

diagnosing or classifying psychological disorders have __________ and negative consequences depending on the ________ of the disorder

positive, nature

positive consequences of diagnosing psychological disorders >

• creates order

• quick way of describing a complex disorder

• aims to produce a disorder’s future’s course

• meant to suggest treatment

• can help promote research into the cause of the disorder

negative consequence of diagnosing psychological disorders >

• stigma

• pop culture - portrayed as violent or humorous

LOOK OVER THE ROSENHAN STUDY

kk

american psychiatric association >

• diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders - 5th edition

• most common tool

• lists every current disorder and symptom

• does not suggest treatment - that depends on perspective

• gets revised often

world health organization >

• international classification of mental disorders

• used for diagnosis, research, and tracking statistics about the disorder

eclectic approach >

most psychologist use an electric approach when diagnosing and treatnig clients

what does the word eclectic mean?

using more than one psychological perspective

behavioral approach >

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive learned associations between or among responses to stimuli

behavior disorder >

proposes that the cause of mental disorders focus on maladaptive learned association between or among response to stimuli

psychodynamic disorder >

proposes that the cause of mental disorders on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood

humanistic disorder >

proposes that the cause of mental disorders focus on a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one’s potential

cognitive disorder >

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions

evolutionary disorders >

proposes that the cause of mental disorders focus on behavior and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survive

sociocultural disorder >

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics

biological disorder >

proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics

biopsychosocial models >

assumes that any psychological problem potentially involve a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

diathesis-stress model >

assumes that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences

schizophrenic spectrum disorders >

disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

what does schiz mean?

split

what does phrenia?

brain

what does schizophrenic NOT mean?

multiple personalities

what does schizophrenia mean?

their mind is split from reality

what is schizophrenia a chief example of?

psychotic disorder

psychotic disorder >

a group of disorders marked by irrationality, distorted perceptions, and a lost contact with reality

positive symptoms of schizophrenia (definition) >

inappropriate behaviors that are present

positive symptoms of schizophrenia >

• inappropriate behaviors that are present

• hallucinations

• delusions

• disorganized speech

hallucinations >

hear and see things that are only in their head

what is the most often heard hallucination?

voices

hallucinations is perception without ____________

sensation

delusions >

distorted or false belief

what are the three different type of delusions?

• paranoid delusion

• delusion of persecution

• delusion of grandeur

paranoid delusion >

believe they are threatened

delusion of persecution >

convinced someone is mistreating, conspiring against, or planning to harm them or their loved ones

delusion of grandeur >

unrealistic and exaggerated belief in ones own importance, power, wealth, fame, or abilities

disorganized speech >

jumbled ideas that don’t make sense to others

world salad >

stringing words together in a nonsensical way

negative symptoms of schizophrenia (definition) >

appropriate behaviors that are not present

negative symptoms of schizophrenia >

• flat affect

• catonia

• impaired theory of mind

flat affect >

little of inappropriate emotional expression

catatonia >

abnormal motor behavior

what are catatonia examples?

continually rub an arm, rock in a chair, or remain motionless for hours

stupor >

extremely unresponsiveness and immobility

can schizophrenic people read what others are feeling?

they can’t

what do people with schizophrenic people struggle with?

sympathy

what are the two types of schizophrenia?

acute and chronic schizophrenia

acute schizophrenia >

• rapid development

• frequently occurs in response to traumatic events

  • recovery is more likely to occur

chronic schizophrenia >

• slow-developing process

• recovery is doubtful

what are some possible causes of schizophrenia?

• dopamine overactivity/neurotransmitters

• brain abnormalities

• prenatal environment risk factors

• genetic factors

dopamine overactivity/neurotransmitters >

• excess number of dopamine receptors

• hyper response to dopamine, increases brain signals and causes positive symptoms (hallucinations, paranoia)

what are drugs that block dopamine to lessen schizophrenia symptoms?

antagonists

what are drugs that increase dopamine and intensify symptoms?

agonist (amphetamine and cocaine)

what is abnormally low in schizophrenic people (brain wise)?

brain activity in the frontal lobes

what is increase in schizophrenic people (brain wise)?

activity in the amygdala

what do sensory issues come from?

the thalamus not processing signals correctly

describe a schizophrenic person’s brain scan?

diminished grey matter (cerebral tissue) with large, fluid-filled ventricles

schizophrenic people overly __________

pruning

what are risk factors when it comes to birthing that can cause schizophrenia?

• low birth weight

• maternal diabetes

• older paternal age

• oxygen deprivation during delivery

• fetal virus infections

what are the odds of a person developing schizophrenia?

1 in 100

what are the odds of having schizophrenia if one parent has it?

1 to 10

what are the odds of having schizophrenia if an identical twin has it?

1 in 2

what are epigenetic factors of schizophrenia?

• stress, viral infections “turn on” certain genes

• prenatal viruses

• drug use in teens (cocaine, LSD, marijuana)

how many people have schizophrenia worldwide?

21 million people

how many people have schizophrenia in the US?

2.6 million

does schizophrenia affect men and women equally?

yes, but onset is sooner and more severe in men

is there a higher rate of incidence in what nations?

industrialized

depressive disorders >

characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable along with the physical and cognitive changes that affect a person’s ability to function

what are symptoms of depressive disorders?

persistent feelings of sadness or less of interest that interferes with daily functioning

what are two types of depressive disorder?

• major depressive disorder

• persistent depressive disorder

major depressive disorder >

• two or more weeks of seriously depressed mood

• feeling worthlessness

• no interest in activities

persistent depressive disorder >

a chronic from depression characterized by persistent low mood that lasts for at least two years in adults and one year in children