Bio 314- Respiratory (UWEC)

what are the functions of respiration?

gas exhange, communication, olfaction, acid-base, blood pressure regulation, blood and lymph flow, blood filtration, expulsion of abdominal contents

principal organs of respiratory system

nose, pharync, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

what is in the respiratory zone?

consists of alveoli and other gas exchange regions

Functions of the nos

cleanses and humidify inhaled air, detects odors, resonating chamber that amplifies voice

what do the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal duct drain into?

drain into nasal cavity

what do vibrissae do?

guard hairs that block insects and debris from entering the nose

what is the chamber behind the vestibule that is occupied by three folds of tissue?

nasal conchae

what ensures that most air contats mucous membranes in the nasal conchae?

narrowness and turbulence

what detects odors in the nose?

olfactory epithelium

in the olfactory epithelium what binds odorant molecules?

immobile cillia on sensory cells

what does the respiratory epithelium line?

rest of nasal cavity expept vestibule

what kind of cells are on the respiratory epithelium?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium wih goblet cells

what do goblet cells secrete?

mucus

what is Erectile tissue?

extensive venous plexus in epitehlium of inferior concha

what do erectile tissue allow the engorged side time recover from?

drying

what does the hard palate seperate to allow for ___?

it seperates the oral cavity from the nasal caity so that you can breathe while you chew

what do the paranasal sinuses and nasolacrial duct drain into?

nasal cavity

where is the vestibule?

beginning of nasal cavity it is achaber inside the nostrils

what are the nasal conchae

chamber behind vestibule with three fold of tissue, to trap debris in air

what does the olfactory epithelium detect?

odors

what is the pharynx?

the throat

what are the three regions of the pharynx?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngophyarnx

what tubes and tonsil does the narophyarnx contain?

pharyngeal tonsil

what does the oropharynx contain?

palatine tonsil

what region of the pharynx does the esophogus begin?

laryngopharynx

what region of the pharynx only passes air?

nasopharynx

which regions of the pharynx pass food, air, and drink?

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

what do the musles in the pharynx assist in?

swallowing and speech

What can the larynx be reffered to?

voice box

What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

to keep food and drink out of the airway

Epiglottis

flap of tissue that guard the superior opening of the larynx

how many cartilages are in the larynx?

9

what is the most superior layer of cartilage?

epiglottic

what is the largest layrngeal prminence

thyroid cartilage

What does testosterone stimulate in the thyroid cartilage?

growth

what oes the cricoid cartilage connect?

larynx to trachea

what are the three smaller cartilages of the larynx?

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

what ligament of the larynx suspends it from the hyoid?

thyrohyoid

what ligament suspends the trachea from larynx

cricotracheal

what closes the larynx during swallowing?

superior vestibular folds

how do vocal chords produce sound?

when air passes between them

what type of epithelium do vocal chords have to endure vibrations?

stratified squamous

what is the difference between male and female vocal chords?

males are thicker, longer, vibrate slower, and are lower pitched

how is loudness determined in voice?

the force of air passing between the vocal chords

what determines the pitch of voice?

tension

how are words formed from the sounds of the vocal chords?

formed by actions of pharynx, oral cavity, tongue and lips

what is the trachea usually refered to as?

wind pipe

what do the hylaine cartilage rings in the trachea prevent?

collpase during inhalation

what muscle in the trachea contracts or relaxes to control airflow?

trachealis muscule

what is the inner lining epithelium of the trachea composed mainly of?

mucus secreting cells, ciliated cells and stem cells

what is the mechanism for debris removal in the trachea?

mucociliary escalator

what does the middle tracheal layer contain?

lymphatic nodules, muos and serous glands and cartilage

what does the trachea branch into?

main bronchi

what does the carnia do?

direct air to right and left main bronchi

what is a tracheostomy?

temporary opening in the trachea to allow for airflow

what does the hilum recieve?

receives maini bronchus, blood vessels, lymmphatics and nerves

why is the right lung shorter than the left?

because the liver rises higher on the right

what is the indentiation called in the left lung?

cardiac impression

what is the bronchial tree?

branching system of air tubes in each lung

what is the main bronchi supported by?

c-chaped hyaline cartilage

how many lobar bronchi are there in each lobe of lung?

3 right, and 2 left

how many segmental bronchi are in each side of the lungs?

10 on right, 8 on left

what is a functionall independent unit of lung tissue?

bronchopulonary segment

what are all bronchi lined with?

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

what contributes to the recoil of the lungs that expels air?

elastic connective tissue in the bronchis

what do bronchioles divide into?

terminal bronchioles

what do terminal bronchioles divide into?

two or more smaller respiratory bronchioles

what do terminal bronchioles not have compared to other bronchi's?

goblet cells and mucous cells

why are respiratory bronchioles considered the start of the respiratory zone?

because the aveoli budding from their walls are involved in gas exchange

what do respiratory bronchioles divide into?

aveolar ducts

what do the squamous alveolar cells in the alveoli allow for?

rapid gas diffusion between aveolus and blood stream

what do the great (type II) alveolar cells do when the type I are damaged?

repair the alveolar epithelium

what does the great type II alveolar cells secrete?

pulmonary surfactant

what do the alveolar macrophages do?

keep the alveoli free from debris by phagotozying dust particles

what is the membrane called between the alveolar air and blood?

respiratory membrane

how are alveoli kept dry?

by the absoprtion of excess liquid by blood capilaries

what does the low capillary pressure prevent?

the rupture fo delicate resiratory membrane

what is visceral pleura?

serous membrane that covers the lung

what does the parietal pleura adhere to?

the inner surface of the rib cage and the superior surface of the diaphragm

what are the funcions of the pleurae and pleural fluid?

reduce friction, compartmentalization (prevents the spread of infection), create pressurre gradient

what is the proper name for breathing?

pulmonary ventilation

what is one respiratory cycle?

one complete inspiration and expiration

what is quiet respiration?

while at rest, effortless and automatic

forced respiration:

deep rapid and quick inhalation

what does the flow of air in and out of thelung depend on?

the pressure difference between air within lungs and outside body

what do the respiratory muscles change in the lungs?

the lung volume and create differences in pressure relative to the atmostphere

what is the prime mover of respiration?

diaphragm

what does the relaxation of the diaphragm do to the lungs?

increases pressure in pleural cavity, causing the lungs to expel air

what do the external intercostal muscles do?

stiffen thoracic cage, contribute to enlargement of contraction of thoracic cage

what is the synergist to the diaphragm?

scalenes

what is normal quiet expiration?

energy-saving passive process achieved by elasticity off lungs and thoracic cage

what muscles are used for FORCED expiration

rectus abdominis and internal intercostals

what is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm?

the ventral respiratory group

what brainstem respiratory center that modifies the rate and depth of breathing?

dorsal respiratory group

what brainstem respiratory center adapts breathing to special circumstances like sleep or exercise?

pontine respiratory group

what is hyperventilation?

increased breathing rate, leading to low CO2 levels in blood

what happens to pH when blood CO2 drops during hyperventilation?

it rises which causes cerbral arteries to constrict (cause dizziness)

where does voluntary control over breathing orginate?

motor cortex of frontal lobe

how does the voluntary control of breathing bypass the brainstem?

the motor cortext sends signals down the corticospinal tracts to respiratory neurons in the spinal cord

what is the limit to voluntary control of breathing?

when CO2 reachings the levels to a point where automatic controls override it