A Tour of the Cell Pt 2 - Biological Macromolecules

This set of flashcards covers essential vocabulary related to biological macromolecules and their structures, functions, and characteristics as discussed in the lecture.

Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Peptide Bond

The covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein.

Primary Structure

The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure

The folding of a polypeptide chain into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.

Tertiary Structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions among R-groups.

Quaternary Structure

The structure formed when two or more polypeptide chains aggregate to form a functional protein.

Denaturation

The alteration of a protein's native state due to external stress, resulting in loss of function.

Hydrophobic

Describes molecules or regions that do not interact favorably with water.

Hydrophilic

Describes molecules or regions that interact favorably with water.

Enantiomers

Isomers that are mirror images of each other, such as L- and D-amino acids.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from the diet.

Nucleotides

The monomers that make up nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules like glucose and fructose.

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch and cellulose.

Lipids

A diverse group of hydrophobic organic compounds, including fats, oils, and hormones.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers in the cell that provides structural support and facilitates movement.