Lecture Notes on Intelligence, Development, and Social Relationships

A comprehensive set of 100 vocabulary flashcards based on key concepts related to intelligence, development, emotional regulation, and social relationships.

Crystallized Intelligence

Factual knowledge about the world.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to think on the spot to solve novel problems.

Flynn Effect

Consistent rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the past 80 years in many countries.

General Intelligence (g)

Cognitive processes that influence the ability to think and learn on all intellectual tasks.

IQ (Intelligence Quotient)

Standardized score to measure intellectual ability.

Normal Distribution

Statistical distribution where most scores fall near the average, fewer at extremes.

Phonemic Awareness

Recognizing individual sounds in words, crucial for reading.

Standard Deviation (SD)

Measure indicating how scores vary around the average.

Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence

Carroll’s hierarchical model of intelligence, from general to specific.

Better Beginnings, Better Futures (BBBF)

Ontario-based prevention project designed for young children at risk for poorer development.

Carolina Abecedarian Project

Comprehensive and successful enrichment program in the U.S. for children from low-income families.

Comprehension Monitoring

Process of keeping track of one’s understanding of a verbal description or text.

Dyslexia

Inability to read and spell well despite having normal intelligence.

Gesture–Speech Mismatches

Phenomenon where hand movements and verbal statements convey different ideas.

Mathematical Equality

Understanding equality as balance, critical for algebra.

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Gardner’s theory proposing various types of intelligences.

Numerical Magnitude Representations

Mental representations of numbers’ sizes or values.

Phonological Recoding Skills

Translating letters into sounds, blending sounds into words.

Primary Mental Abilities

Fundamental cognitive abilities such as verbal comprehension and spatial skills.

Script

Typical sequence of actions used to organize knowledge about events.

Self-discipline

Ability to manage impulses, emotions, and behaviors for long-term goals.

Simple View of Reading

Reading comprehension depends on decoding ability and linguistic comprehension.

Situation Model

Cognitive representation of the events or situations described by text.

Strategy–Choice Process

Selecting strategies based on effectiveness.

Theory of Successful Intelligence

Sternberg's model emphasizing analytical, creative, and practical abilities.

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Widely used test designed to measure the intelligence of children 6 years and older.

Anal Stage

Freud’s psychosexual stage focused on pleasure from defecation (2–3 years).

Chronosystem

Historical changes influencing other ecological systems.

Ego

Rational, logical, problem-solving personality structure (Freud).

Entity Theory

Belief that personal characteristics are fixed.

Entity/Helpless Orientation

Tendency to give up in challenging situations.

Exosystem

Environmental settings indirectly affecting the individual.

Genital Stage

Freud’s stage of mature sexual relationships.

Id

Freud’s unconscious pleasure-seeking personality structure.

Incremental Theory

Belief that traits and abilities can be developed through effort.

Intermittent Reinforcement

Reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only some of the time.

Latency Period

Freud’s stage of repressed sexual impulses.

Macrosystem

Larger cultural and social contexts.

Mesosystem

Connections among immediate settings (microsystems).

Microsystem

Immediate environments with direct interactions.

Oral Stage

Freud’s first psychosexual stage focused on oral gratification.

Parental-Investment Theory

Evolutionary basis of parental care.

Phallic Stage

Freud’s stage centered around genital exploration.

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction between child’s behavior and environment.

Superego

Freud’s moral compass, enforcing rules and standards.

Self-socialization

Active role in one's own social development.

Achievement Motivation

Whether children are motivated by mastery or by others’ views of their success.

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

Behaviour Modification

Therapy using reinforcement to encourage adaptive behavior.

Erogenous Zones

Areas sensitive to sexual stimulation.

Ethology

Study of behavior within an evolutionary context.

Hostile Attributional Bias

Expectation that others intend to harm.

Imprinting

Form of learning in a critical period, attachment to the first moving object.

Role Taking

Adopting the perspective of another person.

Emotional Intelligence

Identifying, understanding, and managing emotions effectively.

Temperament

Individual differences in emotional reactivity and self-regulation.

Adverse Childhood Experiences

Potentially traumatic events occurring in childhood.

Depression

Mental disorder involving sad or irritable mood with physical and cognitive changes impacting daily life.

Differential Susceptibility

Temperament makes some children more sensitive to their environment.

Discrete Emotions Theory

Emotions are innate, each with specific facial and bodily reactions.

Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment

Insecure attachment with confused behaviors.

Emotion Regulation

Managing emotions appropriately.

Mental Health

Emotional and psychological well-being.

Rumination

Persistent focus on causes and consequences of negative emotions.

Self-conscious Emotions

Emotions involving self-awareness, e.g., shame, guilt.

Social Competence

Ability to interact successfully with others.

Social Referencing

Using caregiver cues to respond to uncertain situations.

Stress

Physiological response to perceived threats.

Toxic Stress

Excessive stress without adequate adult support.

Self-concept

A conceptual system made up of one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself.

Bowlby's Attachment Theory

Theory emphasizing the emotional bond between caregiver and child.

Secure attachment

A strong emotional bond characterized by comfort and security.

Identity

A description of the self, often imposed externally.

Self-esteem

An individual's overall subjective evaluation of their worth.

Negative Identity

An identity formed in opposition to what is socially recognized.

Psychosocial Moratorium

A period of exploration in which an individual can refine their sense of self.

Authoritarian Parenting

A style high in demandingness and low in responsiveness.

Authoritative Parenting

A style high in demandingness and supportiveness.

Permissive Parenting

A style high in responsiveness but low in demandingness.

Uninvolved Parenting

A style low in both demandingness and responsiveness.

Child Maltreatment

Intentional abuse or neglect of anyone under the age of 18.

Family Dynamics

Interactions and relationships among family members.

Aggressive-rejected (peer status)

Children viewed as prone to physical aggression and disruptive behavior.

Controversial (peer status)

Children liked by some peers and disliked by others.

Cyberbullying

The use of technology to harass or upset another person.

Friend

A person with whom an individual has a positive, intimate relationship.

Neglected (peer status)

Children who are infrequently liked or disliked; they are often unnoticed.

Peers

People of approximately the same age and status.

Play

Activities children engage in without explicit goals or purposes.

Popular (peer status)

Children liked by many peers and disliked by few.

Rejected (peer status)

Children disliked by many peers and liked by few.

Withdrawn-rejected (peer status)

Rejected children who are socially withdrawn and timid.

Pro-social behaviour

Voluntary actions intended to help others.

Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another.

Sociometric status

A measurement that reflects children's liked or disliked status among peers.