Biology 101: Intro to Biology Ch 6. Cell Structure, Organelles & Organelle Functions

nucleus

membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of a cell

replication

creates an identical copy of DNA

transcription

the process of creating different types of RNA from DNA

translation

process that creates proteins from mRNA; protein synthesis by creating a chain of amino acids linked together by polypeptide bonds

nuclear envelope

double membrane comprised of an outer membrane and an inner membrane

nuclear pores

small openings in the nuclear envelope where the inner and outer membranes come together

chromatin

DNA packaged with the help of specialized proteins

nuclear lamina

attaches to the nuclear envelope and chromatin to help maintain the shape of the nucleus

nucleolus

starting site of ribosomal synthesis from rRNA and proteins

The _____ is a double membrane that shields the nucleus.

1. nucleolus

2. DNA

3. chromatin

4. nuclear envelope

nuclear envelope

Which of the following does NOT take place in the nucleus?

1. Ribosome synthesis

2. Transcription

3. Replication

4. All of these take place in the nucleus

All of these take place in the nucleus

Where is the starting point of ribosome synthesis?

1. Nucleolus

2. Nuclear localization signal

3. Nuclear envelope

4. Nuclear pore

5. Nuclear lamina

Nucleolus

Which of the following helps maintain the shape of the nucleus?

1. Nucleolus

2. Nuclear localization signal

3. Nuclear pore

4. Nuclear lamina

5. Nuclear envelope

Nuclear lamina

How do large proteins enter the nucleus?

1. With chemical energy

2. By stretching the nuclear pore

3. With a nuclear localization signal

4. Helped by an import protein

5. All of these

All of these

Central Dogma

Ribosome

cellular structure that performs translation, or protein synthesis/ composed of rRNA and protein

large subunit/small subunit

Which of the following first binds to the mRNA message?

1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

2. Cytoplasm

3. Large subunit

4. Small subunit

5. P site

Small subunit

What are ribosomes comprised of?

1. rRNA and protein

2. mRNA and protein

3. tRNA and protein

4. mRNA and tRNA

5. rRNA and mRNA

rRNA and protein

Where can you NOT find ribosomes performing translation?

1. Attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

2. Cytoplasm

3. All of these are places that you can find ribosomes performing translation.

4. Chloroplasts

5. Mitochondria

All of these are places that you can find ribosomes performing translation.

Where are the A, P, and E sites located?

1. rRNA

2. Large subunit

3. Small subunit

4. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

5. Cytoplasm

Large subunit

Which ribosomal site joins amino acids via a polypeptide bond?

1. A site

2. R site

3. E site

4. P site

P site

endomembrane system

a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules

Lumen

inside compartment of the endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

membranous compartment of smooth tubes; lipid and steroid synthesis; proteins and small molecules can be chemically modified

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

membranous compartments and sacs studded with ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

membranous compartment of flattened sacs; packages, sorts, and sends off proteins from the rough ER;

What type of cell might have more smooth ER?

1. Heart

2. Nerve

3. Liver

4. Skin

Liver

Which of the following is NOT true of the endomembrane system

1. It has many folds.

2. The lumen is not in contact with the cytoplasm.

3. It releases its contents in vesicles.

4. It is a continuous part of the cell membrane

5. Its components work together to make, modify, and package molecules.

It is a continuous part of the cell membrane

Which part of the endomembrane system synthesizes lipids and steroids?

1. Ribosome

2. Rough ER

3. Smooth ER

4. Golgi

Smooth ER

The following cellular compartment(s) contain a lumen created by their membranes:

1. Rough and Smooth ER

2. Golgi

3. Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi

4. Rough ER

5. Rough ER and Golgi

Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi

Which part of the endomembrane system is a site for protein synthesis?

1. Smooth ER

2. Golgi

3. Rough ER

4. Nucleus

Rough ER

Cytoskeleton

network of thin fibers; contains some proteins that are similar to the actin and filaments of eukaryotic cells

Microtubules

largest fibers of the cytoskeleton (25 nm in diameter)

Flagella

snake-like whips that drive cell movement

Cilia

multiple short, hair-like structures that beat to move liquid around a cell

Intermediate filaments

mid-sized fibers of the cytoskeleton; diverse role within the cell (8-12 nm in diameter)

Microfilaments

thinnest fibers of the cytoskeleton (7 nm in diameter)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

1. Anchoring the cell

2. Transporting of molecules within a cell

3. Cell movement

4. Transporting molecules into the cell

5. Providing cell structure and shape

Transporting molecules into the cell

Which of the following functions is carried out by intermediate filaments but not microtubules?

1. Cell division

2. Movement of structures within the cell

3. Providing nuclear lamina structure

4. Providing flagella structure

5. Cell movement

Providing nuclear lamina structure

The following cytoskeleton component(s) can be dynamic, shrinking and growing by adding and subtracting subunits:

1. Microtubules and Intermediate filaments

2. Microfilaments only

3. Microtubules and Microfilaments

4. Microtubules, Microfilaments & Intermediate filaments

5. Microtubules only

Microtubules and Microfilaments

Which of the following makes up flagella?

1. Microtubules in a 9 plus 2 arrangement

2. Actin dimers in a 9 plus 2 arrangement

3. Intermediate filaments in a 9 plus 2 arrangement

4. Microfilaments in a 9 plus 2 arrangement

Microtubules in a 9 plus 2 arrangement

Microfilaments are composed of

1. alpha and beta tubulin subunits

2. rope-like twists of proteins

3. Chains of tubulin in a double helix

4. Chains of actin in a double helix

Chains of actin in a double helix

cellular respiration

process that converts food into usable chemical energy

mitochondria

membrane-bound structures where cellular respiration occurs

mitochondrion

outer membrane - selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the mitochondria; inner membrane - folds inward to form extra surfaces for cellular respiration

cristae

folds created by the inner membrane

matrix

contains enzymes for cellular respiration as well as its own ribosomes

Which of the following cells might have the most mitochondria?

1. Skin cell

2. Bacterium

3. Cardiac muscle cell

4. None of these cells have mitochondria

Cardiac muscle cell

Which does NOT describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

1. Selectively permeable

2. Contains components for cellular respiration

3. Impermeable

4. Folds to create cristae

5. Interior to the outer membrane

Selectively permeable

On the following diagram, which number indicates the cristae?

1. 5

2. 4

3. 1

4. 3

5. 2

1

What part of the mitochondria creates more space for cellular respiration?

1. Outer membrane

2. Ribosomes

3. Matrix

4. Inner membrane

5. Integral membrane proteins

Inner membrane

On the following diagram, which number indicates where mitochondrial DNA is located?

1. 1

2. 3

3. 5

4. 4

5. 2

2

Photosynthesis

process that converts energy from sunlight into food in plant cells

Chloroplasts

structural sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into food

Thylakoids

small disk-like compartments composed of membranes that are the sites of sunlight-dependent photosynthesis

Stroma

inner liquid portion of the chloroplast

Grana

stacks of thylakoids within chloroplasts

Chlorophyll

pigment, or compound, that absorbs a specific wavelength of energy from sunlight

Which of the following is true about chlorophyll?

1. Is broken down into a food source

2. Absorbs specific light wavelengths

3. It is a protein

4. Exists in the stroma

Absorbs specific light wavelengths

Which of the following is NOT contained in a chloroplast?

1. Nucleus

2. Chlorophyll

3. DNA

4. Ribosomes

5. Stroma

Nucleus

What process takes place in the chloroplast turning light energy into food?

1. Protein Synthesis

2. Chlorophyll

3. Photosynthesis

4. Stroma

Photosynthesis

Which part is a granum?

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

In what singular part is chlorophyll located?

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

Cell Wall

a protective layer surrounding the cell on the outside of the plasma membrane

Cellulose

a polysaccharide sugar that provides strength to the cell wall

Central vacuole

a large storage compartment in plant cells

The purpose of cellulose is to:

1. All of these

2. Store water

3. Create an acidic environment

4. Regulate digestive enzymes

5. Provide strength to the cell wall

Provide strength to the cell wall

Protons pumped into the central vacuole can affect this space by making it:

1. Waste

2. Neutral

3. Acidic

4. Larger

5. Basic

Acidic

What is NOT stored in the central vacuole of plants?

1. Food

2. Sunlight

3. Nutrients

4. Water

Sunlight

A plant cell in a hypotonic solution will respond by:

1. Shriveling up

2. Shrinking, but maintain its cell wall shape

3. Putting pressure on the cell walls through the central vacuole after taking in water.

4. Bursting

5. Storing waste in the central vacuole

Putting pressure on the cell walls through the central vacuole

A plant cell surrounded by a hypertonic solution will respond by:

1. Losing water while maintaining its cell wall shape

2. Putting pressure on the cell walls through the central vacuole

3. Storing waste in the central vacuole

4. Bursting

Losing water while maintaining its cell wall shape

Organelles

membrane-bound compartments; nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi, and endoplasmic reticulum; compartmentalize cellular functions

eukaryote

contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus

prokaryote

do not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Nucleoid

area where DNA exists

Peptidoglycan

polymer of sugar and amino acids that give shape and structure to the bacterial cell wall

What do all eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not?

1. Flagella

2. Cell membrane

3. Nucleus

4. Cytoskeleton

5. DNA

Nucleus

What do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have that is involved in translation?

1. DNA

2. Ribosomes

3. Nucleus

4. Peptidoglycan

5. Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

Which of the following describes prokaryotic DNA?

1. They do not have DNA.

2. It is linear.

3. It is usually larger than eukaryotic DNA.

4. It is circular.

5. It is within a nucleus.

It is circular.

Which is a membrane-bound organelle?

1. Chloroplasts

2. Mitochondria

3. Nucleus

4. Endoplasmic Reticulum

5. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

The purpose of _____ is to provide separation and compartmentalization of processes in eukaryotes.

1. organelles

2. DNA

3. transcription

4. cell membrane

5. translation

organelles

Virus

• acellular parasitic particle

• consisting of protein and nucleic acid

acellular

• NOT made of cells

• CAN’T reproduce on their own

• CAN’T transport substances between membranes

• CAN’T metabolize food

Bacteriophage (Phages)

a virus that infects bacteria

Capsid

viral envelope made of protein

Nucleic Acid

double-stranded or single-stranded DNA or RNA

tail fibers

aid in injecting the viral nucleic acid into the bacterial cell

The Lytic Cycle

bacteriophage will replicate and cause the bacterial cell to burst

The Lysogenic Cycle

phage nucleic acid will integrate into the bacterial genome

Prophage

phage DNA that is integrated into the bacterial DNA

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a virus?

1. Containing nucleic acid

2. Able to reproduce on its own

3. Nonliving

4. Surrounded by capsid proteins

Able to reproduce on its own

After the bacteriophage uses its tail fibers to attach to the bacterial host, what will happen next in the lytic cycle?

1. Degradation of host DNA

2. Integration of viral nucleic acid into the bacterial genome

3. Injection of viral nucleic acid

4. Lysis of the bacterial cell wall

5. Assembly of the new viruses

Injection of viral nucleic acid

Which of the following could trigger the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage?

1. Host cell dividing

2. Host cell stress

3. Bacterial protein synthesis

4. Host cell replicating its genome

Host cell stress

Which of the following describes a process that involves viral integration into the host genome?

1. Replication

2. Lytic cycle

3. Living

4. Prophage

5. Lysogenic cycle

Lysogenic cycle

Which of the following describes a process that involves viral replications and assembly within a host, followed by bursting the host cell wall?

1. Living

2. Lytic cycle

3. Lysogenic cycle

4. Replication

5. Prophage

Lytic cycle