Personal Health Ch 3

Psychological Health

mental health, defined negatively as the absence of illness or positively as the presence of wellness

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Term coined by Abraham Maslow

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

(level 1) Physiological Needs,

(level 2) Safety and Security,

(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection,

(level 4) Self Esteem,

(level 5) Self Actualization

self-actualization

realism, acceptance, autonomy, authenticity, capacity for intimacy, creativity

Realism

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

Acceptance

having positive, but realistic self-concept and self-esteem

Autonomy

being able to act independently and direct oneself.

Authenticity

when people are not afraid to be themselves

Capacity for Intimacy

people who can share their feelings thoughts without fear of rejection

Creativity

continually look at the world with renewed appreciation and curiosity

Martin Seligman

suggested the goal of positive psychology is "to find and nurture one's own genius talent" and "to make normal life feel more fulfilling.

The pleasant life

life dedicated to maximizing positive emotions about the past, present, and future, and to minimize pain and stressful emotions

The engaged life

involves cultivating positive personality traits and actively using your talents

engagement

involves cultivating a capacity to live in the moment and immerse yourself in activities

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. More flexible than intellectual intelligence and can be learned.

The Meaningful Life

working with others towards a meaningful end.

23% of adults

experience mental illness each year

Values

criteria for judging what is good and bad and underly moral decisions and behavior.

Lawrence Kohlberg

said that to young children, being "good" means being rewarded while being "bad" means doing what results in punishment. Older children will explain right and wrong based off authority figures and rules. In the final stage of moral development, only achieved by some, people conceive of right and wrong in more abstract terms such as justice, virtue, and their own personal values

healthy self-esteem

regarding yourself as good, competent, and worthy of love

integrated self concept

self-schemas contain a mix of both positive and negative attributes

aspects of self-concept

being loved, integration, and stability

To keep self-esteem

respond realistically without challenging self-concept

self-talk

a person's internal dialogue

psychological defense

unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Projection

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Denial

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Displacement

psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

Dissociation

dethatching from current experience to avoid emotional stress

Rationalization

defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions

Reaction Formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

substitution

replacing an unacceptable or unobtainable goal with an acceptable one

acting out

engaging in an action that makes an unacceptable feeling go away

humor

finding something funny in unpleasant situations

Altruism

serving others without expecting anything in return

Sublimation

channeling emotions into productive, socially acceptable outlets

optimism

Hopefulness and confidence about the future or the successful outcome of something

pessimism

the tendency to focus on the negative and expect the worst

assertiveness

being able to clearly communicate opinions and boundaries

loneliness

a feeling of deprivation about existing social relations. Combat by changing behavior and seeking attention from friends.

intermittent explosive disorder

episodes during which a person acts on aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property

Overtly hostile people are at a higher risk of

heart attacks

managing anger

Do something to relax, channel your energy in a different direction, talk with someone you trust. Reframe your thoughts, distract yourself

Dealing with others' anger

remain calm, validate, and if necessary, disengage

SDOH

social determinants of health (where people live, learn, work. and play). social experiences and conditions that can impact someone's psychological health

Heavy use of social media is linked with

more depression and anxiety

Only about 50% of mentally ill adults

receive treatment each year

ADHD

a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

autism spectrum

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior.

As of 2020, 3% of kids are diagnosed with

ASD

treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders

psychotherapy, education, medication, and training

Anxiety

fear that is in response to an uncertain or anticipated threat

specific phobia

fear of objects or specific situations or events

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Victims often panic about inescapable situations

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

panic attack

sudden onset of intense panic in which multiple physical symptoms of stress occur, often with feelings that one is dying. Affects about 40 million Americans

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Characterized by excessive anxiety or worry about numerous things, lasting for 6 months or longer.

Treating Anxiety Disorders

medication, psychological interventions, cognitive behavioral therapy

obsessive compulsive disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

Obsessions

recurrent intrusive thoughts or impulses the client seeks to suppress or neutralize while recognizing they are not imposed by outside forces. Usually about improbable events

depressive disorder

involves periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense sad mood interfering with life functioning

depression (mood disorder)

Disorders that influence mood regulation beyond the usual variations between sadness and happiness/excitement

symptoms of depression

fatigue, difficulty concentration, feelings of guilt, insomnia, and irritability

persistent depression

disorder in children and adolescents that is described by depressed or irritable mood for most of the day for a majority of days in at least one year

Anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure

rTMS

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. usually done for 30-60 minutes five to six times per week.

Best initial treatment for moderate to severe depression

a combination of drug therapy and psychotherapy

Electroconvulsive therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

seasonal affective disorder

Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.

mania

A mood disorder characterized by excessive elation, irritability, talkativeness, inflated self-esteem, and expansiveness.

bipolar disorder

A mental illness characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania. May spend too much money, engage in risky sexual behavior, and do other impulsive actions. Can also include irritability

Bipolar I Disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II Disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

hypomanic episode

less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders

Antimanic drugs

used to treat bipolar disorder and include lithium and certain anticonvulsant drugs

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving traumatic events, avoiding trauma-related triggers, and experiencing frequent anxiety and mood symptoms.

acute stress disorder

An trauma/stressor-related disorder that resolves in a month or less.

Main treatment for ptsd

psychotherapy

schizophrenia

A psychological disorder that involves a disturbance in thinking and in perceiving reality.

Globally, 1 in 300 people have

schizophrenia

symptoms of schizophrenia

disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions, auditory hallucinations,

how to treat schizophrenia

-medical intervention (antipsychotic meds) to reduce dopamine levels- higher dopamine levels in the frontal lobe than normal. these drugs help with their abnormal behavior and lack of emotion

- Cognitive behavioral therapy

** both therapy and meds together has the best effect

They must stay on their meds so they need a social support

if they go off their meds they will regress to their state before treatment

In America, suicide is

the second leading cause of death for ages 10-14 and 20-34

The suicide rate is highest in America among

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

The second highest rate of suicide in America belongs to

European Americans

The suicide rate is 4 times higher comparing

men to women

LGBT youth are 2-3 times more likely to

attempt suicide than straight youth

Warning signs of suicide

mentions of dying, changes in personality, sudden brightening of the mood, sudden move to give away possessions, increase and reckless behavior

60% of suicide victims are

depressed

Protective factors against suicide

- Strong religious or cultural beliefs - shame

- Strong social network

- Responsibility for children

- Hope for the future

- Good therapeutic alliance

- Positive attitude

- Engaging with treatment

- Lack of lethal means

biological model

emphasizes that the mind's activity depends entirely on an organic structure, the brain

Pharmacological Therapy

Treatment often is based on symptoms. All medications are prescribed only for short periods.

Side effects of anti-depressants

diminished appetite, lost of sexual pleasures

Issues with drug therapy

Side-effects and effectiveness questioned

behavioral model

Focuses on what people do - their overt behavior - rather than on brain structures and chemistry or on thoughts and consciousness

stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

response

a reaction to a stimulus