Pharmacology

Pharmacology

The study of the effect of drugs.

Pharmacodynamics

The body's biological response to drugs.

Pharmacokinetics

The movement of drugs through the body.

Drugs

Substances that change the physiology of the body.

Receptors

Molecules that activate or inactivate different processes in the body.

Bioavailability

The rate and extent of absorption of unchanged drug from its dosage form into blood.

First-pass metabolism

The process drugs undergo in the liver before reaching systemic circulation.

Lipid solubility

The property that allows drugs to cross biological membranes more easily.

pKa

The pH at which a molecule is 50% ionized and 50% non-ionized.

Ion trapping

The phenomenon where the distribution of a drug varies due to its ionization state across different pH environments.

Active transfer

The movement of substances across membranes that requires energy.

Endocytosis

The process of engulfing large molecules by a cellular membrane, requiring energy.

Bioequivalence

The situation in which different formulations of a drug have the same bioavailability.

Phase I metabolism

Drug metabolism reactions involve modification of the drug's structure.

Phase II metabolism

Drug metabolism reactions involving conjugation to make the drug more water-soluble.

Cytochrome P450 isoforms

A group of enzymes important for drug metabolism. These enzymes catalyze oxidation reactions, playing a crucial role in the metabolism of various pharmaceuticals and toxins.

Elimination half-life

The time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce by half.

Renal elimination

The process of eliminating drugs or their metabolites through the kidneys.