microbio unit 15K: microbial diseases of the nervous + cardiovascular systems

II: microbial diseases of the cardiovascular system (TOXOPLASMOSIS, CHAGAS DISEASE, MALARIA, SCHISTOSOMIASIS)

trypanosoma sp. causes what disease?

chagas disease

chagas disease is caused by what microbe?

trypanosoma sp.

chagas disease is known as..

american trypanosomiasis

why is it called “american trypanosomiasis?”

the disease is endemic to central america + parts of south america (rural areas)

what part of arizona is infected by riduviid bugs?

40%

what is the biological arthropod vector of chagas disease/american trypanosomiasis?

reduviid bug/kissing bug

what are the hosts of amerian trypanosomiasis/chagas disease?

humans

rodents

opossums

armadillos

what is the mode of infection of american trypanosomiasis/chagas disease?

bite or ingestion of an infected riduviid bug

blood transfusions from blood infected with trypanosoma sp.

congenital → passed from mother to child

what % of children die from cardiovascular complications due to chagas disease?

10%

what % of patients’ chagas disease turns chronic in 20 years from initial infection?

20%-30%

what is the treatment for chagas disease?

nufurtimox

REDUCES # of microbes during the acute phase

malaria is endemic to what region?

tropical asia, africa, latin america

what microbe causes malaria?

plasmodium sp.

what is the biological vector of malaria?

FEMALE anopheles mosquito

what is the mode of entry of plasmodium sp.?

bite of a mosquito infected with plasmodium sp. → human

IV drug use

blood transfusions

the symptoms of malaria are similar to what?

the flu

what are the symptoms of malaria?

fevers/chills (cyclic)

anemia

jaundice

small blood vessels clogged

liver + spleen enlargement

fever/chills (cyclic), _______, _______, small blood vessels clogged and ______ and ______ enlargement are symptoms of malaria

fevers/chills (cyclic)

anemia

jaundice

small blood vessels clogged

liver + spleen enlargement

malaria can lead to death due to what?

rupture of the spleen or renal failure

how is malaria diagnosed?

blood smear → look for the RING STAGE (trophozoite) of plasmodium sp. within the rbc

plasmodium sp. targets what cell in the body?

red blood cells

what is the treatment for malaria?

quinine

is there a vaccine for malaria?

yes → LIMITED protection

toxoplasmosis is a disease of the blood and _________ system

lymphatic

what microbe causes toxoplasmosis?

toxoplasma gondii

toxoplasma gondii causes what disease?

toxoplasmosis

what is the mode of entry of toxoplasma gondii?

oral or inhalation

what is the reservior for toxoplasmosis?

domestic cat (feces)

NO ILLNESS in the cat, the microbe toxoplasmosa gondii is transmitted to humans

what products contain the microbe, toxoplasma gondii?

undercooked meats contain the cyst form of the microbe that causes toxoplasmosis

what happens when toxoplasmosis is contracted during pregnancy?

congential → stillbirth + fetal damage

what is meant by “recrudescent” or “reactivation” in relation to toxoplasmosis?

toxoplasma gondii can enter a latent phase, where it forms tissue cysts in the brain, muscles, and eyes

reactivation occurs when the cysts break open and release active parasites, causing toxoplasma all over again

toxoplasma gondii can enter what phase?

latent

what happens when toxoplasma gondii is in the latent phase?

it forms cysts to protect itself

what happens when toxoplasma gondii reactivates?

the cysts break open and release active parasites

what might cause the switch from latent (recrudescent) to reactivated in toxoplasma gondii?

immunosupression or an opportunistic infection

how is toxoplasmosis diagnosed?

serology-antibody test

what is the treatment for toxoplasmosis in a pregnant female?

none

what is the treatment for toxoplasmosis?

pyrimethamine with sulfur

schistosomiasis is caused by what microbe?

schistosoma sp.

schistosoma sp. causes what disease?

schistosomiasis

where is schistosoma sp. found?

east asia

africa

middle east

south america

caribben

what disease is only 2nd to malaria in the number of people it kills or disables?

schistosomiasis

what is the mode of entry of schistosoma sp.?

skin penetration

what disease is associated with freshwater snails?

schistosomiasis

how does the life cycle of schistosoma sp. work?

schistosoma sp. larvae develop in snail → these are excreted as eggs in urine or feces of the snail into freshwater → humans swim through the water, come in contact with the larvae → the larvae enter through skin penetration and infect the human with schistosomiasis

what are the symptoms of schistosomiasis?

tissue damage

abscesses + ulcer formation in response to infestation of the worm, schistosoma sp.

liver damage

lung damage

bladder damage

how is schistosomasis diagnosed?

stools or urine O+P (ova+parasite)

how is schistosomiasis treated?

praziquantel