HHD SAC

Chapter 7, 8 and 9

Prenatal stage

• begins when sperm penetrates an egg, process known as fertilisation to form one complete cell called a zygote

• continues until birth

• takes about 38 weeks to complete

• most vulnerable stages

Infancy

• starts at birth and finishes on the 2nd birthday

• rapid growth and many changes

• have developed motor skills and can walk

• developmental milestones

Developmental milestones

average age at which a child achieves skills such as crawling or standing or saying its first word

Early Childhood

• end of infancy till sixth birthday

• characterised by slow and steady growth

• learn social skills

Late Childhood

• sixth birthday till the twelfth birthday

• also characterised by slow and steady growth

• physical, social, emotional and intellectual changes occur throughout this stage

• refining skills

Youth

• 12-18

• hardest to define

• characterised by rapid growth, increased independence and sexual maturity

• undergo physical, social, emotional and social changes

• end is characterised by a level of maturity

Early adulthood

• 18-40

• characterised by body reaching physical peak around 25-30

• steady decline afterwards

• period of maintenance and repair

Middle adulthood

• 40-65

• events in this period vary culture to culture

• stability in work and relationships

• ageing and menopause

Late Adulthood

• 65-death

• characterised by change in lifestyle arising in retirement and for many financial security

• reflect on lives and achievements

• sense of satisfaction or regret

Physical Development

changes in the body and its systems. these can be changes in size, complexity and motor skills

Physical changes in youth to adulthood

• growth plates

• sexual maturity

• changes in body composition and structure- increased muscle mass

Social Development

increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people

Social changes in youth to adulthood

• Peer group influence

• Culture and family

• Largely independent- greater responsibility

• Communication skills-

• Relationship skills- responsible for own actions, decisions, and consequences

Emotional Development

to experiencing a full range of emotions, and increasing complexity relating to the expression of emotions, the development of a self-concept and resilience

Emotional changes in youth to adulthood

• Self-concept- deeper understanding of who they are, become more comfortable within themselves

• Experiencing a full range of emotions- seek emotional independence

• Learning appropriate ways of expressing emotions- recognise and express them

• Building resilience- coping strategies are built on

Intellectual Development

the increase in complexity of processes in the brain, such as thought, knowledge and memory

Intellectual changes in youth to adulthood

• Knowledge and memory- focus on future, capacity to remember events and concepts

• Language- ability to remember words and meanings

• Thought patterns and problem solving- begin to see ‘grey’ areas not just ‘black and white’

• Creativity and imagination

• Attention- focus attention on specific task for hours

Generation Gap

difference in attitudes and opinions experienced by people of different generations

Authoritarian parenting

• style of parenting that employs strict rules and punishments if rules are broken

• children may direct anger towards parents, lower levels of emotional health, poor self-esteem

Authoritative parenting

• style of parenting that uses positive reinforcement of good behaviours and flexibility in interpretation of rules

• children can develop good decision making, responsible, good levels of self-esteem

Permissive parenting

• parenting that is low in discipline and the parents think of themselves more as friends then as parents

• children then often have issues with authority and rules, low self-esteem and sadness

Uninvolved Parenting

• parenting style where the parents show little interest in their children’s lives

• children may feel rejected, low happiness levels, low self-esteem

Characteristics of healthy and respectful relationships

• communication- verbal and non-verbal

• when differences occur, they are managed in ways that lead to understanding and resolution without damage to the relationship

• Respect- consideration for others’ feelings, needs, thoughts and rights

• Trust- think others are reliable and dependable

• Honesty- telling the truth and not keeping secrets

• Loyalty- stick by each other

• Empathy- understand or feel what other person is experiencing

• Saftey- free from any sort of harm or abuse

• Equality- valued and able to give and take from the relationship

Optimal health and wellbeing

highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain at any particular time, taking in account genetics and the different environments in which people live into account

Physical health and wellbeing optimal

• increased energy levels

• increased physical fitness

• decreased risk of cardiovascular disease

• healthy body weight

• decreased risk of injury

Social health and wellbeing optimal

• better communication skills

• more able to adapt a to different social situations

• less awkward interactions between teens and adults

Emotional health and wellbeing optimal

• increased resilience

• safe outlets for expression of emotions

• better understanding of others’ emotions

• conflict resolution

• increased resilience

Mental health and wellbeing optimal

• increased self-esteem

• increased self-confidence

• lower levels of stress

• support for big decisions, reduced anxiety

Spiritual health and wellbeing optimal

• strong sense of belonging

• acting according to values

• sense of peace

• increased feeling of purpose and meaning in life

• fulfillment

• increased feelings of connection

Physical Development in healthy and respectful relationships

• gross and fine motor skills- with people encouraging you to participate in recreational activities

Social Development in healthy and respectful relationships

• communication skills

• conflict resolution skills

• an understanding of values and beliefs

Emotional Development in healthy and respectful relationships

• when relationships are supportive people can trust each other and emotions can be expressed without fear of rejection or ridicule

• low levels of stress and little conflict

Intellectual Development in healthy and respectful relationships

• building knowledge and problem-solving skills, imagination skills and language skills all which are enhanced through healthy and respectful relationships with people who support you

How parenting can change responsibilities

• personal freedom gives way to responsibility when becoming a parent

• a child has physical, social, emotional and intellectual needs that are constantly changing

• parents must adapt their priorities and decisions to meet these evolving needs

• responsibilities include nurturing, providing for, and guiding the child through different stages of development.

How parenting can change relationships

• parenting can lead to shifts in dynamics, as partners may face new challenges, demands, and emotional investments that alter their connection and communication styles

Sperm, Ova and Fertalisation

• occurs when sperm penetrates an ovum and genetic materials fuse together

• zygote contains 23 chromosomes from mum and 23 chromosomes from dad

Germinal Stage

• starts at fertilisation and end with implantation (when cluster of cells that will become an embryo attach to the endometrium)

• when reaches the uterus the group of cells is now called a blastocyst

• at this point is now known as an embryo

• process of changing ovum and sperm into zygote then into an embryo

Embryonic stage

• 3-8 weeks

• characterised by cell differentiation

• Critical period

• many internal organs have begun to form in a process called organogenesis

• brain and spinal cord are almost complete

Cell Diferentiation

when cells take on specialised roles

Critical Period

a time during which the foetus is particularly susceptible to the effects or factors within its environment

Teratogen

anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development. tobacco smoke, alcohol and some prescribed medications

Foetal Stage

• 9-38 weeks

• unborn baby referred to as a foetus

• all organs and systems mature and are functioning in early stages

• by 14 weeks placenta is fully developed and functioning

• Sex organs start taking shape and by around 15th week female foetus will have produced millions of ova

Placenta

disc-shaped temporary organ, largely made up of blood vessels that allow the exchange of substances between mother and foetus, acts like a lung, digestive system and kidney supplying it with oxygen, nutrients and immune support

Risk Factor

something that increases the likelihood of developing disease or injury

Protective Factor

something that enhances the likelihood of a positive health and wellbeing outcome and lessens the likelihood of a negative health and wellbeing outcomes from exposure to risk

Protective factors during pregnancy

• health literacy

• antenatal care- midwife

• maternal diet- healthy balanced diet

• folate- adequate folate consumption reduces risk of neural tube defects

• iodine- ensure healthy development of baby’s brain

Risk Factors during pregnancy

• smoking, vaping and tobacco smoke- development issues

• alcohol use- foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)

describes a range of features seen in babies who have been exposed to alcohol while in the womb

Health and Wellbeing definition

state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual existence, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels, happy, healthy, capable and engaged

Health Status

an individual’s or population’s overall level of health and well-being, taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy, morbidity, and mortality

Trend

• a trend relates to a pattern that is observable across two or more variables

• difference between two groups

Relationship

• link or connection between two variables

• connection between two different factors, compare x and y axis