ap psych c3 -- statistics

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5 Terms

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descriptive statistics

  • describe a set of data

  • measures of central tendency are a type of statistical measure that try to find the center of a distribution (mean, median, and mode)

    • bimodal—more than one mode

    • positively skewed distributions have a group of scores that are very high compared to the rest of the scores, negatively skewed is the other way around with low scores skewing it

    • see pic pg 14

    • range is also an example of descriptive statistical measures, as is variance and standard deviation which look at how far any score is on average from the mean of the data

    • normal curve—the bell curve, pg 15

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correlations

  • correlation coefficients range from -1 to +1, with 0 being a weak correlation (or technically no correlation)

  • you can graph correlations with a scatterplot and find the line of best fit, aka the slope

    • negative slope means negative correlation and vice versa! see pg. 16

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inferential statistics and the p-value

  • these stats determine whether findings can be applied to a larger population or NOT, which is why accurate samples are important

  • all tests relating to inferential statistics yield a p-value, which needs to be smaller than 0.05 (meaning a 5% chance the results occurred by chance) for results to be statistically significant

  • effect sizes also must be high to demonstrate a good finding, because small samples where an effect is large and large samples where an effect is weak don’t really mean anything

  • replication is important because you re-conduct experiments to see if they still apply; we can also use meta-analysis to combine the results of many studies to get an average

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what is the APA ethical guideline for animals?

care for animals humanely, acquire them legally, don’t make animals suffer too much

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APA ethical guidelines for humans

  • no coercion into being a test subject

  • informed consent (knowing you are a test subject in some way, deception to hide what the study is about must be very ethical)

    • minors may need to ask for consent from guardians

  • confidentiality

  • risk (protection from harm during experiment!)

  • debriefing—knowing the results