Lecture Review: Authoritarianism, Heroism, Philippine Art, and Cell Biology

Question-and-answer flashcards covering authoritarianism, Philippine Martial Law, theories of heroism, Philippine art history and elements, and key concepts of cell biology and homeostasis.

What is authoritarianism in political science?

A system of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a small group.

Which political theorist examined totalitarian rule in both Nazi Germany and the USSR?

Hannah Arendt.

Whose research traced the roots of authoritarianism to Nazi Germany and imperial Japan?

Barrington Moore.

What phrase did Filipino sociologist Randy David use to describe state-led change under authoritarianism?

“Revolution from the center.”

In Bj Patiño’s poem “Apo on the Wall,” who is the ‘Apo’?

Ferdinand Marcos Sr., depicted on the wall in a portrait.

Give two dominant tones conveyed by the child narrator in “Apo on the Wall.”

Serious/ominous and curious/naïve.

On what date did Ferdinand Marcos Sr. officially declare Martial Law in the Philippines?

September 21, 1972.

Roughly how many people were arrested during Martial Law in the Philippines?

About 70,000.

Define heroism according to Elizabeth Svoboda.

Taking risks to help others without expecting personal gain.

Which psychologist is known for linking heroism to ‘serving those in need’?

Philip Zimbardo.

Bill Harbaugh’s neuro-economic study showed charitable giving activates which brain region?

The nucleus accumbens.

According to Ervin Staub, what past experience often motivates later heroic helping?

Having gone through significant personal suffering.

In Belen Dowdrey’s view, the concept of a hero primarily depends on what?

The culture in which the hero emerges.

Name Homer’s two epics that shaped ancient Greek heroic ideals.

The Iliad and the Odyssey.

Which Old English poem illustrates Anglo-Saxon warrior heroism?

Beowulf.

Who is sometimes called the Filipino equivalent of Hercules?

Bernardo Carpio.

What type of hero is ‘an ordinary person thrust into extraordinary circumstances’?

Everyman hero (or reluctant hero, depending on context).

List three main traits of an epic hero.

Noble birth, exceptional or seemingly divine powers, and performance of great deeds.

According to the notes, what biblical passage is linked to the concept of the tragic hero?

Proverbs 3:5-6.

Define ethnic art in the Philippine context (Luzviminda & Sayseng 2016).

Art forms influenced by specific geographic locations and lived experiences of local communities.

Where are the Angono Petroglyphs located, and roughly how many figures are carved there?

In Binangonan, Rizal; approximately 127 human and animal figures.

What is the Manunggul Jar and where was it found?

A secondary burial jar discovered in Manunggul Cave, Lipuun Point, Palawan.

Which traditional dance showcases the elegance of Kalinga earthenware pots?

The Banga (pot) dance.

During Spanish colonial rule, art was chiefly used to promote what?

The Catholic faith.

Identify the baroque church in Vigan that exemplifies Spanish-period architecture.

St. Paul Metropolitan Cathedral.

Who painted “The Making of the Philippine Flag” and is called the ‘Grand Old Man of Philippine Art’?

Fernando Amorsolo.

Carlos “Botong” Francisco’s painting depicting communal spirit is titled what?

“Bayanihan.”

Give the timeframe that defines Philippine contemporary art practices.

1970s to the present.

Which Federico Aguilar work from the Tres Marías series shows varied domestic activities?

“Cinco Marías.”

In art, what do vertical lines usually convey?

Strength.

Name three properties of art that relate to overall design unity.

Proportion, harmony, and balance.

What cellular organelle is nicknamed the ‘powerhouse of the cell’?

The mitochondrion.

What is the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion called?

The matrix.

Which part of the mitochondrion contains many transport proteins and ATP synthase complexes?

The highly folded inner membrane (cristae).

Ribosomes are often described as the cell’s _.

Protein factories.

Differentiate rough ER from smooth ER.

Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and lies near the nucleus; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

What is the main shipping and modification station of proteins in a cell?

Golgi apparatus.

Which vesicular organelles act as the recycling centers of the cell?

Lysosomes.

Large storage compartments common in plant cells are called what?

Vacuoles.

What cellular structure houses DNA and controls cellular activities?

The nucleus.

How many separate DNA molecules (chromosomes) are found in a human somatic cell nucleus?

46.

Distinguish endocrine from exocrine glands.

Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands have ducts and release non-hormonal substances to body surfaces or cavities.

Define homeostasis.

The dynamic maintenance of a stable internal environment in living organisms.

What is osmotic pressure?

Pressure related to the concentration of dissolved substances that drives water movement across semipermeable membranes.

Osmosis moves water from a region of solute concentration to solute concentration.

Lower; higher.

Which scripture verse in the notes is associated with maintaining courage and movement?

Joshua 1:9.

Which Old Testament verse is cited alongside discussions of osmotic regulation and future hope?

Jeremiah 29:11.