Native Americans in Public Life Midterm

Indian

Christopher Columbus thought he reached India so he called they people there _____

Eskaluet - Formerly Eskimo-Aleut

Languages spoken by Native Americans

Indigenous

People around the world that were displaced by colonization

Aboriginal 

preferred term in Canada 

First Nations

Works wells with some groups (native communities that are large) in comparison to smaller groups that may not identify with the term

Settlers

Implies that Europeans "settled" something, that the Americas were the wild west, but the Americas were not 'wild', most Native Americas were farmers

Social Complexity: Farmers/Agricultural

Most native Americans were farmers in 1492

Social Complexity: Hunters & Gathers

20-60, found in areas that were contusive to farming

Tend to be mobile

Lack of Hierarchy or stratification

Social Complexity: Pastoral Nomads

Not farming crops, but following a herd

Own the herd

Has wealth (how many cattle were owned)

Raiding (sometimes)

State

Recognized political control of a region

Nation

A group of people that see themselves together due to culture

Nation-State

Ex: Spain (state) is controlled by Spaniards

Entho/Ethnicity

• Language

• Religion

• Place  (geographical)

• Ancestry

• Traditions, folklore

Dialectical Continuum

The national progression of language as you move further from a region

Eskmo

Not an ethno name that they gave themselves so we are shifting to calling them Inuit

There's at least five branches in Alaska so we cannot simply replace the word Eskmo with Inuit due to this language divide

Prehistory of Native Americans

Squash, maze, chipmunk, Mississippi are all words that existed first in Native culture

Something is always lost in translation and if you lose the speakers of that language then who's to say that those translations are correct

Beringea (Amerindians)

Region in the artic circle that is now mostly gone

Beringions is what native who used to be called

18,000 years ago

Blocked by an ice sheet that kept them coming to the region prior to that time

Amerindians can trace most of their ancestry back to ______

Dene

9,000 years after Beringea migrate to the Americans

Migrated from Serbia

Eskulet (pre-history of Native Americans)

5,000 years ago after that migrate to the America

American Indian does not refer to ______

Some of this native group still exists in Serbia

Corn

was originally domesticated in South America around nine thousand years and was introduced into the Americas around 4,000 years ago

City-States (pre-history of Native Americans)

Most of the territories surrounding the Mississippi were 'collaborations"/cities that were center around corn

And subsequently these groups were trading with one another,

A lot of these cities were built to host sporting events and religious events

These civilizations primarily existed in 1300s, these had already collapsed by the time Europeans got there

City-States Downfall

- Climate

- Violence/Raiding

These nomads were always capable but, give them horses, and they become far more effective. The introduction of horses changes warfare and also importantly becomes a form of currency.

- Diseases

Diseases brought from the old war took out a significant part of the native population

These three vectors are occurring around the same time as Columbus arriving

Horses

Domestic _____ were brought by the Spanish in the 1500s

1500s

“Before Race”

- At the time, they only seen as problematic to Europeans because they were not Christians

- Native Americans differed in bathing, Europeans did not bathe

1450

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINTING PRESS

- The only people who knew how to read or write was the church

- Martin Luther complaints against the church (created Lutheranism)

Reformation

Most of Western Europe says they are not going to follow the Pope anymore

The Printing Press was banned because The Church wants to control the narrative/keep their pope

New World Food

Rubber

Tobacco

Chocolate

New World Effects

The population starts booming due to the success of these new crops. These crops are so successful that Europe runs out of space for Farms so, people are migrating to the Americas looking for farmlands

History vs History

Just because it was written down doesn't mean it was accurate

Iroquois Confederacy

Seven tribes joined and become a parliamentary democracy

Each group would sent their representative and deliberate

This was established before Columbus arrived

Still is around in 1776, and is the blueprint for democracy that we know today in the United States

Only women could vote in the confederacy

Iroquois Confederacy Significance

Bro we stole democracy from the natives and then turned around and called ourselves the father of democracy and kinda the champions of democracy but we didn't come up with concept and the natives were doing long before the Europeans arrived

Pilgrims (1620)

People are arriving to America to escape the religious wars

These people were too extreme and got kicked out of multiple places and came to America and set up their initial colony

Thanksgiving

Eat new worlds (potatoes, corn, Turkey, Cranberries)

We created this ritual to actualize the idea of us being American (by eating new world food)

Merrymount

Bro named Thomas Morton has friendly relationship with Native Americans

Trades with them and is generally just cool

Pilgrims MASSCARES THE ENTIRE COLONY (because they were too friendly with them) and only Thomas Morton escapes to England like woah they just be killing people

Myth

Truth Values: Sacred, Symbolic Truths

Ex. Adam and Eve (telling the 'truth' of the creation of sin)

Real World: Usually before the real world; Stories of creation

Legend

Truth Values: ? We don't know whether this is real or not

Ex. Arthur, Big Foot, Ghosts

Basically up to the audience and people whether they believe it or not

Real World: Yes, are set in the real world

Tales

Truth Values: It's not real and it's not supposed to be real

Real World: No, not set in the real world

Literary

The text itself becomes sacred

We believe in writing (carrying from this practice) 

Religions or beliefs in Native Cultures: Animism

Everything on Earth is Sacred

Soul is flowing through everything in the material world, especially in living things

Snails are people, plants are people, etc. (this belief is held in native groups)

Religions or beliefs in Native Cultures: Shamanism

• Shaman is responsible for maintain good contacts between human communities and other communities

Can have prophetic dreams, healing powers

• Can sometimes go bad, turn against people as they gain more soul power, and in turn would need a good shaman to fight and can go into the SHAMAN WARS??????

• People usually did not choose to become a shaman, they would catch a shaman 'sickness' and then be trained by a shaman OR they would have a near death experience and believe their souls had touched the other 'side' and become shamans

Native Beliefs: Gender

Binary

Biological Sex

- Can also not fall into this categories of XX and XY

Berdashe = non-binary

Two spirits: having the spirit of both a man and a women

Cultural name for non-binary individuals in native culture

Idea that you have both a male and female spirit

Gender fluidity is allowed in native culture

European Belief: Divine Providence

God will provide

1620

Spanish had been in the Americas for a hundred and twenty years

Spanish with Native American allies

Iberian

- Conquistadors/hidalego

- Catholic (old world)

- Came to spread old world Catholicism due to the Protestant reformation

- Wanted to maintain feudalism and fight the feud wars

- Indigenous people should become serfs/peasants

- Ranking/social hierarchy of this system

Europeans

Mestizo

Indigenous

English (1620s)

- Wanted to recreate what they wanted England to be

Ex: "New" York, "New" England

Settler colonialism

Leads to logic of extraction, meaning this place would be great if we could just get rid of these people and in this case the people were the native folks

French/Russia (1620s)

Mostly focused on trade

Iroquois League

Had a lot of dealing with colonies

Heron nation was wiped out by the Iroquois

Someone who was caught would have to assume the identity of someone who had died in battle (kinda confused by this)

5 Civilized Tribes

1. Cherokee

2. Choktaw/Choctaw (don't know which one is the correct spelling) 

3. Creek

4. Chickasaw

5. Seminole (kinda outside of the U.S)

 - Seminoles said not only are we not going to do it, but anyone who want to leave this behind can join our nation

5 Civilized Tribes Culture

• Were dressing more Europe

• Had printing presses

• Essentially were granted civilized because they kept up with the European trends

• Intermarriage were occurring, and some of the member were accumulating wealth

• Also took up plantation slavery (to keep up with times)

“Race”/the creation of race (native not yet included)

needed slaves for cotton

Columbus is bring these people over, and this is happening at the same time as the Enlightenment

French-Indian War (ended in 1763)

Really an war between the French and England

Proxy war coming out in the United States

French and their native allies

English and their native allies

Problematic for groups because a lot of the native groups traded with both

Scalping: they would pay you if they would bring scalps of the English?????

George Washington is given responsibilities in this war

Treaty of Paris

Have a proclamation line which was a demarcation of territories

Was agreed on by French and English

Put the limit on English expansion (obviously becomes moot later when the colonies are no longer English or ruled by the monarch)

Crisps Attacks

- First man to die from the american revolution

- Father is African, mother is Iroquois

Boston Tea Party

- Dressing up as Native Americans

This is political theater, dressing as them to embody their ideals, we need no kings as the native have been living without kings

- We wanna be free from kings because we also wanna be free to take over native American lands

George Washington

Richest man in the colonies

Paid for the armies

Survey chunks of lands and sell it (this land was native land of course)

Many of Washington's land was over the proclamation line and so he hired armies to start the revolution

NW ordinance

Had a nickname named Town Burner from Natives

He would make a peace treaty with a village and then attack it

Revolutionary Way

Americans vs Native Americans

Americans vs English

American Revolution (1776)

Completed shifts the power between native and "Americans" due to trading

Everyone is supposed to be free, so how can we have slaves?

- RACE!

We created this system of Race because those people they aren’t actually people

1812: War of 1811

Battle between Americas and Native

British was supposed to help them and then the British pulled out last minute

Solidified to Americans that Natives were their enemies (because they are fighting for/with the British

Andrew Jackson career's begins here

Andrew Jackson

- Owed thousands of slaves

- Lived in the South

- Fierce opponent of Native American and proudly called himself an Indian Hunter

- Believed in Squatter's rights

- Aligned himself at a common man and common mans beliefs

- Took his army and started a war against Seminole Nation, originally because his slaves had escaped to the Seminoles

- This kicks off the Seminole Wars and they last for 50/60 years

Construction of Race

• Unilinear Cultural Evolution

There's one line that we are on all reaching towards civilization

Culture

Something you gain by becoming elite 

Seminole Wars

Initiated by Andrew Jackson

He saw them as a danger

Went on for decades 1815-1858

Trail of Tears

- Groups were forcibly removed from their homes

They are located in the south

Chakta, who were the allies to the America

- The bill passed by one vote, got to the supreme court, and the supreme court said no

- Andrew Jackson called out the supreme court and asked them how are you going to enforce your decision and sent the army anyways

- 18,000 natives were forcibly removed and sent them to walk in the cold winter, over 4,000 Cherokees died

- Forcibly removed the five civilized tribes

Dave Crockett

- Sam Huston

- Renounced their U.S citizenship and went to Texas to start over and create a multi-ethnic nation

- Died at the battle of Alamo

Spain pulls it's force out of Texas

Some of the last Spanish troops

Indian Territory

• This was supposed to be territory that was exclusive for native Americans specifically the five civilized tribes, this later becomes Oklahoma, clearly this  does not stick

• Wanted to create a native state separate from the United States and it was gonna be called Sequoia but it failed by one vote

• Oklahoma land rush occurs and takes over

Reservation System

- Forcibly remove them and put them in an open-air prison

- Was supposed to be a temporary holding pen until they all disappeared

Open Air prison

- You were not allowed to eat

- If you wanted to eat, you had to get food from a government official

- Usually were maintained by Church

- Had to convert for in order to receive anything from the government/officials overseeing them

- You were not a U.S Citizen

- Generations of people growing up within this system

Reduced homeland

- Stay on the same spot but own less of their land

Texas

- Living in a Spanish systems

Was done with the Church

- Feudalism

- Spanish had moved into the Pubelo in 1505

- Long ideas about religions (complex)

- Many language families

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

- All this different Pueblo groups planned a coordinated attack against the Spanish as well as any Pueblo who sided with the Spanish

- Successful revolt

- Worthy of note that the Pueblo spoke different languages, were not connected, different cultures, etc.

- Spanish came back but never tried to strongarm them again due to the success of the revolt

Apache and Commanche moved in the area following Pueblo Revolt

- Comanche kinda become dominant militant power

Controlled about a half of Texas

They become a militant power due to the Horse

Average man would have thirty horses

That's kinda crazy people don't even have that many horses today

Great Plains was erupting because of the Horse

Bison became the main food source, couldn't hunt them effectively until the horse

Sam Huston (Governor of Texas)

attempts to make peace treaties with Natives

Mirabeau Lamar

Runs on a platform of genocide and HE WINS

Just kill the native is his argument

Anyone could kill natives and would be paid by the state of Texas

Comanche wars goes on for a long time

Following his administration went from having one of the biggest populations of native to have one of the smallest and it remains that way today

Texas Rangers

Formed for the purpose of genocide

Lone Ranger: Perception was fighting for justice with his best friend Tonto; Made them seem like best friends

Republic of Texas only lasts from 1836 - 1846

Natives are fleeing Texas and ending up back in Oklahoma

Oklahoma

Native put forth legislation for a independent state called Sequoia, and It lost by one vote making it open to the Oklahoma land rush.

1887

Raids/wars were games between Native groups weren't necessarily actually fighting

Mountain Meadows Massacre

Were coming across from Arkansas and were massacred, and it was pinned on native youth groups (pique)

Becomes the archetype of native wagon massacre

Was directed by the Mormons

Genocidal Views

How do these genocidal views propagate into American society?

Because we create race, and let this idea spread, and …

Southwest/Pueblo Groups

- Round up indigenous people and force them to become surfs

1680 - REVOLUTION

- Matrilineal as well as patriachlinial

- Kachina

Demi-gods/Spirit Deity, there was over 400 of them

- Emergence Myth, replicated the Kiva

- Privacy of religion

Don’t want people to learn their religion and languages to themselves

Control a lot of access to their culture

California

Date of contact from the Spanish: 1769

No European presence until this time

They had resisted the Spanish??

They had lots of little villages

Not big city states but there a lot of trade and commerce

They had irrigation tubes

How to work with Nature and terraform with nature against it

Sacred Hoop: engagement with the nature work to get it to work productively

Spanish came in and had little resistance due to them being villages

- 90 percent of lives were lost

Take the native out of the man was the Spanish ideology

California (1848)

United States of America claim California

California (1849)

people are rushing for the Gold Rush

America passed a law that allowed Native America to become slaves

California (1850)

California Governor asked for the Native race to be extinct

He sent up a system to pay people to enslave Natives

• This continues after the emancipation proclamation

California was reimbursed by the federal government for their practices against the natives

Ethic Switching

Switch their ethnicities

Don't publicly admit that their native

Russia

Controls the upper parts of California

They were more than a half mile in from the cost, just had control over a few trading posts

Fort Ross

California (1869)

- Make a railroad all the way to California to commute gold and other good across the States

- Engage with a unprovoked war with the Apache/Navajo groups

California (1864-66)

The Long walk

Forced to become prisoners in fort summoner

1863 Homestead Act

- Designed to move European's onto Native land

Often didn't work, cause it's not great farming land

Age of Discovery/Science

Early anthropology

Better understand the natives to understand how they can control them

Portray them as savages so we can uplift them to our standards

Assimilation

Assimilate the natives in the modern American Society

"Kill the Indian to save the man"

Science start to replicate the culture, science was outlawing behaviors that were popular in Native American cultures

Sioux

Origin Story: White Buffalo Women

Comes to give the Sioux their main laws and rituals

Supposed to occur in 1500s

Considered to be one of the worst places to live America

Plain Sign Language

Created a lingua-Franca to trade, and helps connect the tribes in the Plains

Developing into a cohesive language and cohesive community

- It has wide spread

- It was an American official langauge

1851 Fort. Laramie Treaty 

Treaty between U.S government and 30 different native groups

US government was going to 50,000 dollars if they would allow safe passage along the trails (Oregon Trails)

US never paid the money

Young men still raided and people tried to farm off the side of the land

1862 Sioux uprising

- Tried not as prisoners of war but as murders and were hung in the largest execution in American history

- Lincoln signed the order

He was very Anti-Americans

- They found out later that two of the men hung were mistakenly killed

1868 2nd Fort Laramie Treaty also known as Sioux Treaty

- Was made intentionally to exclude other native groups and kinda create tension and also force them to rely on the U.S Government

- Guaranteed the Sioux all of the their territory

- Wanted to remain owners of the "Black Hills"

Gold is discovered in the Black Hills

The Great Sioux War

- All centering on the Black Hills

1876 Battle of Little BigHorn

- Led by General Custer (very popular general)

Natives completely wiped out Custer forces, including Custer himself, they walked into a trap led by the natives

- Wiped out the Buffalo, just trying to commit Ecocide

Millions of Buffalo killed to wipe out the Sioux

Was terrible for Sioux, Comanche, any other native groups that were living in this area

- No longer enemies of the state and not wards of the state

- Make sure they don't know there language, making sure they don't practice their culture

Blacks Hills (1980)

- Supreme Court agreed that Black Hills was taken illegally and decided that the U.S would pay for that mistake

- The United States has yet to return the land back to Sioux

- The Black Hills is the Home of Mount Rushmore :0

The mountain had long beknown as the Sioux scared space and that's why the U.S defaced the mountain

Ghost Dance

• Religion developed by a shaman named Wovoka

Based on the foundation that everyone need to participate in Shaman practices, and achieve enlightenment

• N.A.C, largest single denomination for Native Americans in America

  • Peyote becomes a sacrament to the N.A.C

• Sioux adopt the Ghost Dance

Wounded Knee Massacre

• Killed native practicing Ghost Dance

Buffalo Bill

Originally one of the guys hired to kill the Buffalo and killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre

Became a showman

"Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show"

Turned what happened into a theater production

Sioux were included in the production why? The other option was being imprisoned

The production was touring, even in Europe

Becomes an advocate for Native Americans

Starts making western films

Native Americans are moving from front page news to Entertainment

1886 Geronimo Massacre

In Apache

Need to further research

Dawes Act 1887

U.S decided that tribes shouldn't own land

Most of the land was seized by the U.S government and not given to back to native

Couldn't represent themselves in court

Curtis Act (1898-1907)

Abolishing tribal governments any legitimacy

Oklahoma Land Rush

U.S government decides who is native american

Army would come in guns and ask where are the kids, stealing them

Schools were there graveyards instead on playgrounds

Reminds me of Nickel Boys kinda want to love into this further

Stolen Generation

Generation(s) of individuals who were sent to the boarding school

Some were able to run away and preserve their culture and language but most were not

Third Great Awakening

New fundamentalist(ex. Baptist, Pentecostal) religions starting hold

Everything about native culture was viewed as negative

Ex: Cradle Boards, Divorce, Hunting

Code Talkers

Couldn't break the code of authentic native languages

Using the languages in warfare as we trying to wipe the language out