Chapter 14: Biopsychology of Psychiatric Disorders

causes of abnormal behavior- neurological disorders:

_____ error (e.g., huntington’s disease)

_____ cell death (e.g., alzheimer’s disease)

_____ cell death (e.g., stroke)

loss of neural _____ (e.g., multiple sclerosis)

genetic, progressive, rapid, connections

compared to neurological disorders, psychiatric disorders are:

more influenced by _____ factors (diathesis-stress model)

tend to be the product of more _____ forms of brain pathology

tend to be less well _____

experiential, subtle, understood

diathesis-stress model:

diathesis- unique _____ for everyone (i.e., CVD, schizophrenia, depression)

stress- “precipitant” that can _____ expression of a certain condition formed from predisposition (i.e., lifestyle choices, traumatic events)

dispositions, expose

identifying and classifying mental disorders:

DSM

psychiatric disorders are to some extent _____ and depend on prevailing _____ views

arbitrary, cultural

schizophrenia:

“_____” of psychic functions

altered _____ of the world

affects _____% of the population

wide array of symptoms but only need to present with _____ over _____ month to diagnose

splitting, perception, 1, 2, 1

positive symptoms of schizophrenia:

presence of _____ behaviors

_____- especially auditory

_____- especially persecutory

_____ thought and nonsensical speech

bizzare behaviors

problematic, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized

negative symptoms of schizophrenia:

absence of _____ behaviors

_____ affect- no emotion showing in the face

reduced _____ interaction

anhedonia- no feeling of _____

avolition- less _____

alogia- _____ less

healthy, flat, social, enjoyment, motivation, speaking

schizophrenia follows the diaphesis-stress model in that is believed to be an abnormality in brain _____ or _____, and can be triggered by _____

structure, function, stressors

dopamine theory of schizophrenia (primitive theory):

1960- link between _____ and parkinson’s disease established

antipsychotic drug side effects suggests role for dopamine as schizophrenia is associated with dopamine _____

reserpine _____ brain of dopamine

amphetamine and cocaine are dopamine _____ and produce psychosis

high _____ for dopamine receptors → more _____ for treating schizophrenia

dopamine, overactivity, depletes, agonists, affinity, effective

schizophrenia- beyond dopamine theory:

tardive _____

clozapine only acted on some _____ receptors

neuroleptics (antipsychotics) act quickly at the synapse, but don’t alleviate symptoms _____- term

thus, schizophrenia was more associated with _____ _____

evidence supported by the fact that neuroleptics were not helpful for patients with (positive/negative) symptoms

may be best to think of schizophrenia as multiple _____ with multiple _____

dyskinesia, dopamine, long, brain damage, negative, disorders, causes

neurological abnormalities- schizophrenia:

enlarged _____ associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia (not direct diagnosis however)

_____- less activation in frontal lobe

decreased _____ between brain structures

ventricles, hypofrontality, connections

affective disorders are characterized by disturbances of _____ or emotion

mood

genetics and affective disorders:

concordance rate for _____ _____ is the highest

bipolar disorder

neurological anomalies- depression:

increased blood flow and glucose metabolism in the orbital _____ cortex *rumination, anterior _____ cortex, and _____

but there are volume differences (reduced in _____ cortex, anterior _____ cortex, and _____; enlarged _____)

frontal, cingulate, amygdala, prefrontal, cingulate, hippocampus, amygdala

monoamine theory of depression:

recent study states that there might actually not be a link between depression and _____, but more associated with a proliferation of _____ receptors

serotonin, monoamine

treatments:

_____- mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder

monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)- prevent _____ of monoamines

_____ antidepressants- block _____ of serotonin and NE

selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)- same effect as previous medication, but fewer _____ _____

selective norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

lithium, breakdown, tricyclic, reuptake, side effects

additional treatments:

_____ therapy

transcranial _____ stimulation

electroconvulsive, magnetic