Drivers of Cooperation

One driver of cooperation in the resolution of the conflict is accountability via ____________________________.

international legal mechanisms

International legal mechanisms refer to ____________________ and processes, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), that pursue accountability for violations of international law, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or breaches of the UN Charter.

formal institutions

International legal mechanisms refer to formal institutions and processes, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), that ______________________ for violations of international law, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or breaches of the UN Charter.

pursue accountability

International legal mechanisms refer to formal institutions and processes, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ), that pursue accountability for_____________________, such as war crimes, crimes against humanity, or breaches of the UN Charter.

violations of international law

In _________________, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

March 2023

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued ________________ for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

arrest warrants

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President___________________ and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Vladimir Putin

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and _____________________________, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Maria Lvova-Belov

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, _____________________________, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Russia’s commissioner for children’s rights

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights,___________________________________. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the_________________________, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Fourth Geneva Convention

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly _________________________________________________________, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, _____________. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

Article 49

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “__________________________” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

“reasonable grounds to believe”

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both _______________________________________________. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Council.

individuals bore individual criminal responsibility

In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, Russia’s commissioner for children's rights, for the unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children to Russia. This was viewed as a violation of the Fourth Geneva Convention, particularly the prohibition on the forcible transfer of populations, Article 49. The ICC stated that there were “reasonable grounds to believe” that both individuals bore individual criminal responsibility. This action was a landmark moment as it was the first time the ICC _________________________________________________________.

targeted the head of a permanent member of the UN Security Counci

While symbolically powerful, the ICC arrest warrants are largely unenforceable due to Russia’s ____________________________ in the Rome Statute and its refusal to recognise the court’s jurisdiction. Although the warrants have had some practical diplomatic consequences, notably, President Putin avoided attending the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa due to the legal risks posed by ICC obligations, they have not led to any arrests, and were dismissed by Moscow as “legally void.” As such, while these legal actions have reinforced global norms of accountability, their inability to compel compliance or halt aggression demonstrates that they have limited effectiveness in directly resolving the conflict.

non-membership

While symbolically powerful, the ICC arrest warrants are largely unenforceable due to Russia’s non-membership in the ___________________ and its refusal to recognise the court’s jurisdiction. Although the warrants have had some practical diplomatic consequences, notably, President Putin avoided attending the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa due to the legal risks posed by ICC obligations, they have not led to any arrests, and were dismissed by Moscow as “legally void.” As such, while these legal actions have reinforced global norms of accountability, their inability to compel compliance or halt aggression demonstrates that they have limited effectiveness in directly resolving the conflict.

Rome Statute

While symbolically powerful, the ICC arrest warrants are largely unenforceable due to Russia’s non-membership in the Rome Statute and its _______________________________________________________________________. Although the warrants have had some practical diplomatic consequences, notably, President Putin avoided attending the 2023 BRICS summit in South Africa due to the legal risks posed by ICC obligations, they have not led to any arrests, and were dismissed by Moscow as “legally void.” As such, while these legal actions have reinforced global norms of accountability, their inability to compel compliance or halt aggression demonstrates that they have limited effectiveness in directly resolving the conflict.

refusal to recognise the court’s jurisdiction

While symbolically powerful, the ICC arrest warrants are largely unenforceable due to Russia’s non-membership in the Rome Statute and its refusal to recognise the court’s jurisdiction. Although the warrants have had some practical diplomatic consequences, notably, President Putin avoided attending the ____________________ in South Africa due to the legal risks posed by ICC obligations, they have not led to any arrests, and were dismissed by Moscow as “legally void.” As such, while these legal actions have reinforced global norms of accountability, their inability to compel compliance or halt aggression demonstrates that they have limited effectiveness in directly resolving the conflict.

2023 BRICS Summit

While symbolically powerful, the ICC arrest warrants are largely unenforceable due to Russia’s non-membership in the Rome Statute and its refusal to recognise the court’s jurisdiction. Although the warrants have had some practical diplomatic consequences, notably, President Putin avoided attending the 2023 BRICS summit in _________________due to the legal risks posed by ICC obligations, they have not led to any arrests, and were dismissed by Moscow as “legally void.” As such, while these legal actions have reinforced global norms of accountability, their inability to compel compliance or halt aggression demonstrates that they have limited effectiveness in directly resolving the conflict.

South Africa

One driver of cooperation in the resolution of the conflict is the shared humanitarian concern and _____________________.

refugee protection

Humanitarian concern involves ______________________________________________________________________________________.

the collective moral and political responsibility of states to respond to human suffering.

The scale of human suffering has___________________ states and organisations to coordinate responses, even among actors who disagree on military strategies.

compelled

The scale of human suffering has compelled states and organisations to _____________________, even among actors who disagree on military strategies.

coordinate responses

The scale of human suffering has compelled states and organisations to coordinate responses, even among actors who disagree on ______________________.

military strategies

The invasion has led to one of the largest refugee crises in recent history, with over______________________ fleeing Ukraine by 2023 (UNHCR). The humanitarian toll, including civilian casualties and damage to hospitals and schools, has prompted international cooperation to address immediate needs. In March 2022, the European Union activated the Temporary Protection Directive, granting Ukrainian refugees access to residency, education, healthcare, and employment across all 27 EU member states.

6.3 million refugees

UNHCR stands for

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

The invasion has led to one of the largest refugee crises in recent history, with over 6.3 million refugees fleeing Ukraine by 2023 (UNHCR). The humanitarian toll, including civilian casualties and damage to hospitals and schools, has prompted international cooperation to address immediate needs. In _________________, the European Union activated the Temporary Protection Directive, granting Ukrainian refugees access to residency, education, healthcare, and employment across all 27 EU member states.

March 2022

The invasion has led to one of the largest refugee crises in recent history, with over 6.3 million refugees fleeing Ukraine by 2023 (UNHCR). The humanitarian toll, including civilian casualties and damage to hospitals and schools, has prompted international cooperation to address immediate needs. In March 2022, the European Union activated the ____________________________, granting Ukrainian refugees access to residency, education, healthcare, and employment across all 27 EU member states.

Temporary Protection Directive

The invasion has led to one of the largest refugee crises in recent history, with over 6.3 million refugees fleeing Ukraine by 2023 (UNHCR). The humanitarian toll, including civilian casualties and damage to hospitals and schools, has prompted international cooperation to address immediate needs. In March 2022, the European Union activated the Temporary Protection Directive,_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

granting Ukrainian refugees access to residency, education, healthcare, and employment across all 27 EU member states.

As noted by the _________________________________________________________________ (UNOCHA), humanitarian agencies can only respond to the “symptoms of global crises” and are not equipped to “address their root causes.” Without tackling the fundamental drivers of conflict, such as political grievances and power struggles, humanitarian aid alone cannot compel parties to cease hostilities or engage in peace negotiations.

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

As noted by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (______________), humanitarian agencies can only respond to the “symptoms of global crises” and are not equipped to “address their root causes.” Without tackling the fundamental drivers of conflict, such as political grievances and power struggles, humanitarian aid alone cannot compel parties to cease hostilities or engage in peace negotiations.

UNOCHA

As noted by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), humanitarian agencies can only respond to the “_________________” and are not equipped to “address their root causes.” Without tackling the fundamental drivers of conflict, such as political grievances and power struggles, humanitarian aid alone cannot compel parties to cease hostilities or engage in peace negotiations.

symptoms of global crises

As noted by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), humanitarian agencies can only respond to the “symptoms of global crises” and are not equipped to “_______________________.” Without tackling the fundamental drivers of conflict, such as political grievances and power struggles, humanitarian aid alone cannot compel parties to cease hostilities or engage in peace negotiations.

“address their root causes.”

As noted by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), humanitarian agencies can only respond to the “symptoms of global crises” and are not equipped to “address their root causes.” Without tackling the fundamental drivers of conflict, such as political grievances and power struggles, humanitarian aid alone _________________________________________________________________________________________

cannot compel parties to cease hostilities or engage in peace negotiations.