chapter 19-20 med terms

medical terminology

ALVEOL/O

Small Sac

CAC/O

Bad

CARCIN/O

Cancer, Cancerous

CAUTER/O

Burn or heat

CHEM/O

Chemical, drug

CRY/O

COLD

CYST/O

Sac of Fluid

FIBR/O

Fibers

FOLLICUL/O

Small glandular Sacs

FUNG/I

Fungus, Mushroom

MEDULL/O

Soft, Inner part

MUCOS/O

Mucous Membrane

MUT/A

Genetic Change

MUTAGEN/O

Causing genetic change

NECR/O

Death

NEUR/O

Nerve

ONC/O

Tumor

PAPILL/O

Nipple-like

PLAS/O

Formation

PLE/O

Many or more

POLYP/O

Polyp

PROT/O

First

RADI/O

Rays

SARC/O

Flesh, Connective tissue

SIRRH/O

Hard

XER/O

DRY

-BLASTOMA

Immature Tumor

-GENESIS

Formation

-OMA

Mass, Tumor

-PLASIA

Formation, Growth

-PLASM

Formation, Growth

-SUPPRESSION

To Stop

-THERAPY

Treatment

Cauterization

Destruction of tissue by burning

Core needle Biopsy

Placement of a large-bore needle that extracts a core of tissue

Cryosurgery

Use of subfreezing in temperature to destroy

En Bloc Resection

Tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue containing lymph nodes

Excisional Biopsy

Removal of the tumor & margin of normal tissue. This procedure provides a specimen for dx

Exenteration

Wide resection involving removal of the tumor, its organ of origin & all the surrounding tissue in the body space

Fine needle aspiration

Placement of a very thin needle inside the tumor mass & extracting cells for microscopic evaluation

Fulguration

Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current

Incisional Biopsy

Piece of tumor is removed for examination to establish a diagnosis

BMT

Bone marrow Transplant

BX

Biopsy

CHEMO

Chemotherapy

Mets

Metastases

NED

No Evidence of disease

PD

Progressive Disease = tumor has increased in size

PR

partial response = Tumor is one-half its original size

PSA

Prostate-specific antigen

RT

Radiation Therapy

SD

Stable Disease = Tumor does not shrink but does not grow

TNM

Tumor-Node-Metastasis

RT,XRT

Radiation Therapy

AP

Anteroposterior

BA

Barium

BE

Barium enema

CT

Computed tomography

CXR

Chest x-ray

Lat

Lateral

MRI

Magnetic resonance

PA

Posteroanterior

Pacs

Picture archival & communication systems

PET

Positron emission tomography

PET-CT

Positron emission tomography / Computerized Tomography

Tc-99m

Radioactive Technetium

TI-201

Thallium 201 -radioisotope used in scanning heart muscle

UGI

Upper gastrointestinal (series)

Angio

Angiography

DICOM

Digital image communication in medicine

DI

Diagnostic imaging

ECHO

Echocardiography

LS Film

Lumbosacral (spine) films

L-spine

Lumbar Spine

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

PACS

Picture Archival & communications system = digital film to be found by medical staff

V/Q Scan

Ventilation -Perfusion scan of the lungs (Q stands for rate of blood flow Or blood volume)

CANCER

Caused by abnormal growth & excessive growth of cells in the body

Tumor or Neoplasm

New growth(abnormal) that arise from normal tissue

MALIGNANT

Capable of invasion & spread to surrounding areas or more distant sites

BENIGN

Noninvasive & not spreading to other sites

Benign tumors

Grow slow and are encapsulated, meaning contained within a fibrous capsule.

Malignant tumors

Cells multiply rapidly, are invasive and infiltrative, extending into neighboring tissue.

Benign cells

Composed of organized and specialized (differential) cells that closely resemble their normal counterparts.

Malignant cells

Look primitive and are associated with anaplasia.

Anaplasia

Indicates that the cancerous cells are differentiated or undifferentiated, reverting to a less specialized state.

Characteristics of benign tumors

Slow growing, encapsulated, noninvasive, well-differentiated, and nonmetastatic.

Characteristics of malignant tumors

Rapidly multiplying, invasive, infiltrative, anaplastic, undifferentiated, and metastatic.

Metastasis

The process by which malignant cells can detach and travel through the body via the bloodstream or lymph vessels to cause secondary tumors.

Carcinogens

Environmental agents that cause damage to DNA, including drugs, tobacco smoke, radiation, and viruses.

Asbestos

A carcinogenic material widely used in buildings constructed before the 1980s, with effects that can take many years to manifest.

Hormones

Excess estrogen can negatively affect cells, leading to carcinogenic changes in the uterine lining and milk glands.

Glyphosate

The ingredient in Monsanto/Bayer AG's popular Roundup weed killer that causes cancer.

Radiation

Includes ultraviolet rays from sunlight, X-rays, and radioactive substances that can cause cancer.

HTLV-1

Human T cell Leukemia virus that causes leukemia in adults.

HPV

Human papillomavirus, associated with genital warts and certain cancers.

Hepatitis B

Passed mainly through blood and semen from person to person.

Hepatitis C

Passed mainly through blood, often due to sharing needles for drug use.

Oncogenes

Pieces of normal DNA that, when activated by mutation, can convert a normal cell to a cancerous cell.

Suppressor genes

Regulate growth, promote differentiation, and suppress oncogenes from causing cancer.