Pathogenic Bacteriology - UNF

The primary target of penicillin is an enzyme known as: ____________

The primary target of penicillin is an enzyme known as: Transpeptidase

Transpeptidase forms ___ ___ disaccharide cross-links.

Transpeptidase forms NAG NAM disaccharide cross-links.

Penicillin is effective against gram negative/gram positive bacteria.

Penicillin is effective against gram negative/gram positive bacteria.

When transpeptidase is damaged it break cross links in the petidoglycan which allow cellular pressure to ___ the cell.

When transpeptidase is damaged it break cross links in the petidoglycan which allow cellular pressure to lyse the cell.

One of the main reasons bacteria upkeep a peptidogylcan layer is to maintain ______ _______ and semi-premability.

One of the main reasons bacteria upkeep a peptidogylcan layer is to maintain cellular pressure and semi-premability.

Teichoic is attached ________ to the peptidogylcan and contributes to its overall negative charge.

Teichoic is attached covalently to the peptidogylcan and contributes to its overall negative charge.

True or false
LPS contains three primary components:
A uniform lipid part at the bottom which acts as an anchor
Long sets of sugars closest to the lipids which are called core polysaccharides
O-antigen side chain sugars (Loooong). These can vary between species and strains.

True or false
LPS contains three primary components:
A uniform lipid part at the bottom which acts as an anchor
Long sets of sugars closest to the lipids which are called core polysaccharides
O-antigen side chain sugars (Loooong). These can vary between species and strains.

True or false
Different parts of the immune system recognize different parts of the LPS. The adaptive immune system can regonize the lipids in LPS and trigger an immune response.

True or false
Different parts of the immune system recognize different parts of the LPS. The adaptive innate immune system can regonize the lipids in LPS and trigger an immune response.

True or false
The O-antigen side chain is very long to hide from the immune system.

True or false
The O-antigen side chain is very long to hide from the immune system.

True or false
Due to the size of the O-antigen side chain, they are very long to support nutrient transfer

True or false
Due to the size of the O-antigen side chain, they are very long to support nutrient transfer

True or false
The capsule has four main components.

• An outer protein rich coat

• Cortex of thick peptidoglycan

• Germ cell wall needed for sporulation

• Core of DNA, RNA, and enzymes (DRY)

True or false
The capsule endospore has four main components.

• An outer protein rich coat

• Cortex of thick peptidoglycan

• Germ cell wall needed for sporulation

• Core of DNA, RNA, and enzymes (DRY)

True or False
Mycobacterium are susceptible to discovery by the immune system and certain drugs due to their waxy coat.

True or False
Mycobacterium are susceptible to discovery by the immune system and certain drugs due to their waxy coat.

They are harder to detect and are more resistant to drugs and immune clearance.

The capsule is a thick secreted layer of primarily _______ that cloaks the entirety of the bacteria. This makes them slimy and allows them to resist phagocytosis.

The capsule is a thick secreted layer of primarily proteins that cloaks the entirety of the bacteria. This makes them slimy and allows them to resist phagocytosis.

Bacteria are more susceptible to phenotypically exhibiting DNA mutations because they are ______ ( n).

Bacteria are more susceptible to DNA mutations because they are haploid (1n).

True or false
Plasmids are not as susceptible to phenotypically exhibiting DNA mutations.

True or false
Plasmids are not as susceptible to phenotypically exhibiting DNA mutations.

This is because they are not limited to one copy of a plasmid and often have several copies of the same gene. This gene can be present on multiple plamids or even in its genome on the chromosome.

True or False
Bacteria group genes of similar function together making them able to co-regulate expression, producing all necessary proteins simultaneously from a single promoter.

True or False
Bacteria group genes of similar function together making them able to co-regulate expression, producing all necessary proteins simultaneously from a single promoter.

The electron transport chain occur on the inner/outer lipid membrane of gram negative bacteria.

The electron transport chain occur on the inner/outer lipid membrane of gram negative bacteria.

The interior of the human body is devoid of oxygen and is inherently _______.

The interior of the human body is devoid of oxygen and is inherently anaerobic.

Bacteria in environments devoid of oxygen can undergo the following forms of respiration:
respiration and

Bacteria in environments devoid of oxygen can undergo the following forms of respiration:
Anaerobic respiration and Fermentation

True or false
Fimbrea are long hair like extensions that support the ability of bacteria to adhere on to surfaces.

True or false
Fimbrea are external structures that support the ability of bacteria to adhere on to surfaces.

The glycocalyx is a modified _____ which makes bacteria sticky and able to adhere to the host cells.

The glycocalyx is a modified capsule which makes bacteria sticky and able to adhere to the host cells.

The following are strategies/structures to aid bacteria to adhere to a host:
G x

F a

A s

B s

The following are strategies/structures to aid bacteria to adhere to a host:
Glycocalyx

Fimbrea

Adhesins

Biofilms

Antibodies are secreted by the ______ immune system of the body.

Antibodies are secreted by the adaptive immune system of the body.

B and T cells are referred to a __________. These are members of the adaptive immune system.

B and T cells are referred to a lymphocytes. These are members of the adaptive immune system.

Phagocytes are members of the _____ immune system.

Phagocytes are members of the innate immune system.

True or false

Neutrophils are also referred to as PMNs. polymorphonuclear leukocytes..

True or false
Neutrophils are also referred to as PMNs. polymorphonuclear leukocytes..

True or false

Phagocytes contain granules, secreted extracellular vesicles containing antimicrobial molecules which are released upon antigenic contact with an unrecognized cell.

True or false

Phagocytes contain granules, secreted extracellular vesicles containing antimicrobial molecules which are released upon antigenic contact with an unrecognized cell.

Explanation
Phagocytes contain granules that fuse with phagosomes after a microbe is engulfed. These granules release antimicrobial molecules such as lysozyme, defensins, and proteases into the phagosome, where they degrade and kill the ingested pathogen.

Monocytes circulate in the blood supply in response to infectious conditions until they contact surface receptors on vascular epithelial cells signalling an inbound infection. The signalling cascade that up-regulates the formation of these receptors also opens gaps in the vascular epithelial cells that allow monocytes to enter the infected area through. This process is called ____________.

Monocytes circulate in the blood supply in response to infectious conditions until they contact surface receptors on vascular epithelial cells signalling an inbound infection. The signalling cascade that up-regulates the formation of these receptors also opens gaps in the vascular epithelial cells that allow monocytes to enter the infected area through. This process is called extravasation.

When bacteria are phagocytosed, they are enclosed in a membrane-bound vesicle called a __________, which creates a protective separation between the microbe and the phagocyte’s cytoplasm. This structure then fuses with intracellular granules and lysosomes to form a _____________, where antimicrobial molecules such as lysozyme, proteases, defensins, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen intermediates are released to kill and degrade the bacteria

When bacteria are phagocytosed, they are enclosed in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome, which creates a protective separation between the microbe and the phagocyte’s cytoplasm. This structure then fuses with intracellular granules and lysosomes to form a phagolysosome, where antimicrobial molecules such as lysozyme, proteases, defensins, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen intermediates are released to kill and degrade the bacteria

Why are oxygen radicals dangerous and used to kill bacteria?

How do phagocytes take advantage of this property?

How do we measure phagocytic activity?

Why are oxygen radicals dangerous and used to kill bacteria?

They are extremely electronegative and attract electrons which can then bind to surrounding molecular components in an unregulated manner which can possibly trigger downstream damage.

How do phagocytes take advantage of this property?

Phagocytic cells utilize a property known as “oxidative burst” which weaponizes these oxygen radicals to kill bacteria trapped in the phagolysosome.

How do we measure phagocytic activity?

When oxidative burst occurs the environment indirectly becomes more acidic throughout the process. It can often be far more economical to correlatively measure pH than superoxide concentration.

True or false

Antimicrobial molecules such as lysozyme, lipases, proteases, defensins, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen intermediates are released to kill and degrade the bacteria when in the phagolysosome.

True or false

Antimicrobial molecules such as lysozyme, lipases, proteases, defensins, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen intermediates are released to kill and degrade the bacteria when in the phagolysosome.

The process of counting the number of phagocytic cells in a blood sample is known as a _________ ____.

The process of counting the number of phagocytic cells in a blood sample is known as a differential count.

What is a PAMP?

What is a PAMP?

A PAMP is a Pathogen Associated Molecule Poop. These are molecules unique to prokaryotic organisms such as:

• The O antigen of Lipid A found in the LPS of gram-negative bacteria.

• Lipoteichoic acid in the peptidoglycan of gram-positive bacteria.

• Flagellin a conserved protein in the flagella of bacteria.

• Unmethylated CpG DNA

What are examples of the most well understood PAMPs and what receptors recognize them?

Peptidoglycan is recognized by TLR2
LPS is recognized by TLR4
Flagellin is recognized by TLR5
Methylation patterns are recognized by TLR9

TLR is an example of a _____ recognition receptor.

TLR is an example of a pattern recognition receptor.

Both TLR and NO