Anatomy and Physiology Introduction

Anatomy

study of the structure of an organism and relationship to its parts 

Anatomy

• Anatomists learn about the body by dissection 

Cellular

Smallest “living” units of structure and function

Organ

(group of several different kinds of tissues arranged in a way that allows them to act as a unit to perform a special function)

Tissue

organizations of many cells that act together to perform common function

body system

organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs that can work together to perform complex functions for the body

11 organ systems

how many organ systems are there

a bag of fluid separated from the external environment

the human body is like 

homeostasis

A dynamic, and relatively stable state in the internal environment

Digestive System 

• Takes in and digests food 

Provides nutrients molecules that replace used nutrients

The Respiratory System

• Adds oxygen to the blood 

Removes carbon dioxide

The liver and pancreas

• Stores excess glucose as glycogen 

• later , glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose used. The hormone insulin regulates glycogen storage

The Kidneys

• Under hormonal control, they excrete wastes and salts that can affect the pH of the blood 

Feedback loop:

body’s general control system 

Negative Feedback

 opposes change in controlled condition (Example: controlling room temperature)

Positive feedback

amplifies occurring change (example: childbirth)

positive feedback

• Output enhances or amplifies a change so that the controlled variable continues to move in the direction of the initial change 

positive feedback

less common between the two (negative/positive) feedback

Anatomical Positions

The way the body moves, its posture, or the relationship of on area to another 

supine and prone

are terms used to describe the position of the body when it is not in anatomical position

BILATERAL

Body has __________ SYMMETRY

Proximal

 toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin

Distal

away from a farthest from the trunk, or farther from a structure’s point of origin

Superficial

nearer the body surface

Deep

•  farther away  from the body surface 

posterior

toward the back.

anterior

forward

Sagittal Plane :

lengthwise plane that divides the body into right and left sections

Midsagittal

 sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves

Frontal (coronal) plane

lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse plane:

horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower parts

Oblique

other than at a right angle

Longitudinal

cut along the length of an organ

Transverse

cut at a right angle to the length of the organ 

Oblique

 cut at any but a right angle

longitudinal

transverse

oblique

Cranial cavity

space inside the skull that contains the brain

Spinal cavity

the space inside the spinal column

• Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities 

Ventral Cavities 

hypochondriac

upper right and left regions

lumbar region

middle right and left region

iliac region

lower right and left region

epigastric region

middle up

umbilical region

middle middle

hypogastric region

lower middle

Axial Region:

head, neck, and torso or trunk

Appendicular Region: 

upper and lower extremities

RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT:

: contains the liver, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas,
right kidney and large intestine (ascending colon and transverse colon)

LEFT UPPER QUADRANT:

contains the liver, spleen, stomach, upper small intestine
(jejunum), pancreas, left kidney, and large intestine (descending and transverse
colon)

RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT

contains the appendix, most of the small intestine, large
intestine (cecum and ascending colon), right ovary (females only), right ureter,
urinary bladder, and uterus (females only)

LEFT LOWER QUADRANT:

contains the large intestine (descending and sigmoid colon), left ovary (females only), left ureter, urinary bladder, and uterus (females only)

left upper quadrant

jejunum/ small intestine

left lower quadrant

sigmoid colon

right lower quadrant

cecum

right upper quadrant

duodenum / small intestine 

thoracic

thymus gland cavity

thoracic 

lymph node cavity

abdominal cavity

small intestine cavity