APUSH Chapter 6 Princeton Review Vocab

City upon a hill

Idea in the Massachusetts Bay colony that they must be the model city that others will look up to

Encomiendas

Spanish system where the crown granted a certain amount of natives to each colony authority, where they much protect them and convert them to catholicism and in exchange they get to use them for labor

Headright System

A tract of land that was given to colonists when they moved to America

Indentured Servitude

People who agree to work for someone for a certain amount of years, and in exchange get a free trip to the new world

Joint-stock company

A group of investors that buy the rights to the land in the new world from the king

Mercantilism

Economic belief that power lies in a favorable balance of trade

Middle Passage

The route that brought slaves to America, middle leg of the trade route between the colonies, Europe, and Africa

Praying Towns

Villages set up to convert people to christianity

Proprietary Colony

Colonies not owned by the crown

Revivalism

Religious movements focused on renewing or invigorating religious fervor, particularly within Protestant Christianity

Royal Colony

Colony run by the crown

Salutary Neglect

The English government, though they had laws, didn't enforce many of them, and let the colonists run things as much as possible

Slavery

People who are captured and forced to work for someone else

Tariffs

A tax on imported goods

Bacon's Rebellion

Natives attacked frontiersman, Jamestown government said to not attack back, resentment grew, farmers rallied behind Nathaniel Bacon, they attacked Native Americans then torched Jamestown, died down when Bacon died

The Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods and services between the Americas, Europe, and Africa

The First Great Awakening

Colonies religious revival in the 1730-40s

Huron Confederacy

Native American tribe in the great lakes area, ravaged by small pox and war, sided with the French

King Philip's War

Metacomet, leader of the Wampanoag tribe, surrounded by white settlers, felt threatened by the push to give up their practices in the 'praying towns'. He formed a coalition with two other tribes and attacked several settlements. The alliance ended up running out of food and ammunition, so once Metacomet died, the alliance broke up and the settlers destroyed them. This marked the end of the Native American presence in New England.

Pequot War

Conflict where English colonists attacked the Pequot, resulting in the burning of the main Pequot village and the death of 400, mostly women and children.

Pueblo Revolt

In 1680, the Pueblo people overthrew the Spanish in the New Mexico area.

Spanish Armada Defeat

In 1588, this event established England as superior in naval power to Spain and set them up for exploration of the New World.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

During the summer of 1962, 130 people were jailed or executed for being accused of witchcraft in Salem.

The 'Starving Time'

The winter of 1609-1610 when 90% of Jamestown's 500 inhabitants died of starvation.

Stono Uprising

A rebellion where 20 slaves met at the Stono River, killed many, and fled to Florida, but were eventually caught and killed by the colonial militia.

Anne Hutchinson

A proponent of antinomianism who was tried and banished for heresy due to her beliefs and being a powerful woman.

Bartolome de las Casas

A thinker with radical beliefs on how to treat Natives, who believed Europeans were superior.

Calvinists

Settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who ruled everyday life according to their religious beliefs.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer who discovered the Americas for Spain in 1492.

Congregationalists

Puritans who wanted to reform the Anglican Church from within.

Conquistadors

Spanish soldiers and explorers who participated in conquering the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.

George Whitefield

A Congregationalist minister known for preaching based on emotions and spirituality, closely tied to southern evangelism.

John Rolfe

Survived the starving time in Jamestown, married Pocahontas, and brought tobacco to the New World.

John Smith

Leader who took over the Jamestown colony.

Jonathan Edwards

A Congregationalist minister known for his vivid depictions of hell and belief in the pre-deterministic doctrines of Calvinism.

Juan de Onata

Spanish explorer who aimed to convert all to Christianity in the American Southwest.

Maroons

Africans who escaped American enslavement and formed their own settlements.

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and Native ancestry.

Metacomet

Leader of Native Americans in King Philip's War and leader of the Wampanoags.

Pilgrims

The group of people who came to the New World on the Mayflower, known as separatists.

Plains Tribes

Native American tribes known for their nomadic lifestyle based on bison hunting and reliance on horses.

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, married John Rolfe, and was very young at the time.

Powhatan Confederacy

Indians living near the Jamestown colony who refused to give food after John Smith was wounded.

Pueblo People

A group of Native American tribes living in the Southwest, primarily in present-day New Mexico and Arizona.

Puritans

The group that wanted to purify the Anglican Church of Roman Catholic practices and were persecuted by English monarchs.

Roger Williams

A minister who taught separation of church and state, was banished from Puritan society, and started a new colony with freedom of religion.

Separatists

A group of Puritans who believed the Church of England was incapable of reform, leading them to leave.

Sir Walter Raleigh

The man who sponsored the colony of Roanoke Island.

Virginia Company

One of the major companies that helped settle the New World, specifically Jamestown.

Wampanoags

Native American tribe that attacked settlers during King Philip's War.

Zambos

People of mixed Native American and African ancestry.

Bering Strait

The strait between Alaska and Russia.

The Chesapeake

An area of water off the coast of Maryland, early settlement area for colonies.

Jamestown

The first successful colony in the New World from England, based on economic growth.

The Lower South

Region focused on cash crops such as tobacco and rice, mostly consisting of subsidized farmers.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Established by Congregationalists as a haven from persecution from England.

Middle Colonies

Region focused on farming, primarily grain, including Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey.

New England

Region centered on trade, based on rigid Puritanism.

Act of Toleration

Legislation that allows other religions in England.

Dominion of New England

The union of colonies in the New England area.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Document that set up the government and powers in the Connecticut area.

Halfway Covenant

Allowed people to partially join the church, with the hope of bringing people back.

Maryland Toleration Act

Legislation that forced Christians in Maryland to have religious tolerance.

Mayflower Compact

The first governmental document of Plymouth, establishing the idea of a city on a hill.

Navigation Act

Legislation that required all shipments to go through England before reaching America.