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Transience
The tendency to forget information over time.
Absentmindedness
Forgetting due to lapses in attention or focus.
Blocking
Inability to retrieve information even though you know it.
Proactive Interference
Older information interferes with the ability to learn or recall new information.
Retroactive Interference
New information interferes with the ability to recall older information.
Misattribution
Confusing the source of information or memory.
Suggestibility
The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into memory.
Bias
The distortion of memories based on personal beliefs, emotions, or experiences.
Consistency Bias
The tendency to exaggerate or change memories to make them consistent with one's current beliefs, values, or attitudes.
Egocentric Bias
The tendency to remember past events in a way that makes us appear more favorable or successful.
Persistence
The continual recollection of disturbing or unwanted memories.
Forgetting Curve
A graphical representation showing that we forget most information shortly after learning it.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Syndrome
The phenomenon where you have access to the information but can't recall it at that moment.
Elizabeth Loftus's Contribution
Loftus's research on misinformation effect and false memories is crucial in understanding how suggestibility works.
Lost in the Mall Study
A study demonstrating how easily people can 'remember' fabricated events when suggested by others.
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Known for his work on forgetting and the forgetting curve.
Memory Distortions
Alterations in memory that can lead to false recollections.
External Influence
Factors such as leading questions or media that can distort memory.
Personal Beliefs
Current knowledge, attitudes, and feelings that influence how we remember the past.
False Memories
Memories that are distorted or fabricated, often due to suggestibility.
Memories that individuals believe to be true but are actually distorted or fabricated.
Multitasking
Engaging in multiple tasks simultaneously, often leading to absentmindedness.
Misinformation Effect
The phenomenon where memories can be distorted or implanted through suggestion, leading to false memories.
Elizabeth Loftus
A researcher known for her studies on the malleability of memory and the misinformation effect.
Leading Questions
Questions that suggest a particular answer or contain information that can influence the respondent's memory.
Lost in the Mall Study
An experiment by Elizabeth Loftus demonstrating how false memories can be implanted in individuals.
Anterograde Amnesia
The inability to form new memories after a traumatic event or brain injury.
Retrograde Amnesia
The inability to recall memories from the past, typically after a brain injury.
Henry Molaison (HM)
A famous case study in memory research who developed anterograde amnesia after brain surgery.
Hippocampus
A brain structure crucial for encoding new long-term memories, as evidenced by HM's case.
Alzheimer's Disease
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing a gradual decline in cognitive functions, including memory.
Cognitive Decline
A general term for a decrease in cognitive functions severe enough to interfere with daily life.
Memory Manipulation
The process by which memories can be altered or influenced by external suggestions.
Eyewitness Testimony
A legal term referring to an account given by people of an event they witnessed, which can be affected by memory distortion.
Sensory Elements in Memory
Details related to the senses that can be vividly recalled in false memories.
Emotional Regulation
The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences, which can decline in Alzheimer's disease.
Procedural Memory
A type of long-term memory related to the performance of tasks and skills, which can remain intact despite anterograde amnesia.
Memory Suggestibility
The tendency for memories to be influenced by external suggestions or misinformation.
Traumatic Events
Experiences that can lead to significant psychological distress and impact memory.
Vivid Details in Memory
Specific and clear recollections of events that can be reported even for fabricated memories.
Impact of Brain Injury
The effects that trauma to the brain can have on memory formation and recall.
Memory Distortion
The alteration of a memory that can occur due to various factors, including suggestion.
Alzheimer's disease
A progressive disease that primarily affects the brain's hippocampus and other regions managing language, reasoning, and behavior, leading to severe memory loss and functional impairment.
Amyloid plaques
Abnormal clumps that accumulate between neurons, disrupting communication and activating an inflammatory response that can damage the brain.
Memory loss
A symptom of Alzheimer's characterized by forgetting recent events, such as appointments or names of familiar people.
Cognitive decline
Problems with planning, organizing, and making decisions, often seen in Alzheimer's patients.
Language issues
Difficulty in finding the right words or following conversations, commonly experienced by individuals with Alzheimer's.
Behavioral changes
Increased confusion, irritability, anxiety, and withdrawal observed in Alzheimer's patients.
Loss of daily functioning
Difficulty with tasks such as dressing, cooking, or bathing, which can occur in Alzheimer's.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A neurotransmitter critical for memory formation, attention, and learning, with reduced levels in Alzheimer's impacting cognitive functioning.
Impact on Cognitive Functions
Reduced acetylcholine leads to memory impairment, learning difficulties, and attention problems in Alzheimer's patients.
Flashbulb Memory
A detailed memory of an emotionally significant event.
Context in memory
Relies on environmental cues and consistency, such as chewing gum helping to remember things for tests.
Mood congruence
The emotional state at the time of encoding or recall influences memory retrieval.
State dependent memory
When a person remembers better while under the influence of a specific state.
Chunking
A strategy to help remember information by breaking it into smaller, manageable units.
Mnemonics
Memory aids that help in the retention of information.
Elaborative rehearsal
A strategy that involves linking new information to existing knowledge to enhance memory.
Self testing
A technique where individuals test their own knowledge to improve retention.
Visual imagery
Using mental images to help remember information.
Spaced learning
A learning technique that involves spreading out study sessions over time.
Transience
Forgetting materials over a certain period of time.
Absent Mindfulness
Not paying attention to certain things, leading to forgetting.
Blocking
A temporary state of forgetting information.
Bias
Letting emotions, beliefs, and morals define memory.
Persistence
Repeated recall of a memory, which can be either negative or positive.
Constructive memory
The concept that memories are not always as they seem and can be created.
Eyewitness testimony
The influence of how a question is asked on a person's answer, which can introduce bias.
Amnesia
Loss of memory, typically due to brain injury or psychological trauma.
