[M13] Respiratory System

[M13] pulmonary ventilation

breathing; movement of air into and out of the lungs

[M13] external respiration

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood

[M13] internal respiration

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and body tissues

[M13] cellular respiration

cells use oxygen to produce energy and release carbon dioxide and water

[M13] nasal cavity

filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air

[M13] larynx

voice box containing the vocal cords

[M13] trachea

windpipe that carries air to the bronchi

[M13] bronchi

two main airways leading into the lungs

[M13] bronchioles

smaller branches of the bronchi

[M13] alveoli

tiny air sacs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

[M13] capillaries

tiny blood vessels surrounding the alveoli

[M13] pleura

membrane surrounding the lungs

[M13] parietal pleura

outer pleural membrane lining the chest cavity

[M13] visceral pleura

inner pleural membrane covering the lungs

[M13] surfactant

substance that prevents the alveoli from collapsing

[M13] perfusion

blood flow through the lung capillaries for gas exchange

[M13] hilus

area where blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi enter the lung

[M13] inspiration

inhaling air into the lungs

[M13] expiration

exhaling air from the lungs

[M13] pulmonary embolism (PE)

blood clot blocking a pulmonary artery

[M13] deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

blood clot that forms deep in a vein

[M13] embolism

blockage of a blood vessel by a traveling clot

[M13] asthma

inflammation and narrowing of the airways causing wheezing

[M13] bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

[M13] bronchospasm

sudden contraction of the bronchial muscles

[M13] bronchiectasis

chronic widening of one or more bronchi

[M13] emphysema

damage to the alveoli causing air trapping

[M13] cystic fibrosis (CF)

inherited disease causing thick sticky mucus

[M13] pneumonia

infection causing inflammation and fluid in the lungs

[M13] tuberculosis (TB)

bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

[M13] pleurisy

inflammation of the pleura

[M13] pleural effusion

excess fluid in the pleural space

[M13] pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity that can collapse the lung

[M13] hemothorax

blood in the pleural cavity

[M13] lung abscess

localized collection of pus in the lung

[M13] pharyngitis

inflammation of the pharynx

[M13] laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx

[M13] sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

[M13] tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

[M13] coryza

common cold with nasal discharge

[M13] pertussis (whooping cough)

bacterial infection causing severe coughing fits

[M13] diphtheria

bacterial infection affecting the upper respiratory tract

[M13] influenza

viral respiratory infection

[M13] upper respiratory infection (URI)

infection of the upper respiratory tract

[M13] sleep apnea

repeated pauses in breathing during sleep

[M13] sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

unexplained death of an infant during sleep

[M13] silicosis

lung disease caused by inhaling silica dust

[M13] asbestosis

lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles

[M13] anthracosis

black lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust

[M13] anoxia

absence of oxygen

[M13] hypoxia

insufficient oxygen in body tissues

[M13] hypercapnia

excess carbon dioxide in the blood

[M13] apnea

temporary stopping of breathing

[M13] bradypnea

abnormally slow breathing

[M13] dyspnea

difficult or labored breathing

[M13] orthopnea

difficulty breathing except when sitting upright

[M13] hyperventilation

increased rate or depth of breathing

[M13] Kussmaul breathing

deep labored gasping breathing

[M13] Cheyne-Stokes breathing

cyclic pattern of deep, shallow, and temporarily stopped breathing

[M13] hemoptysis

coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum

[M13] productive cough

cough that produces mucus or phlegm

[M13] rales

abnormal crackling sounds heard during breathing

[M13] wheeze

high-pitched whistling sound during breathing

[M13] epistaxis

nosebleed

[M13] expectoration

coughing up and expelling mucus

[M13] hiccup

spasm of the diaphragm and glottis

[M13] dysphonia

voice impairment or difficulty speaking

[M13] arterial blood gases (ABGs)

test measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood

[M13] rapid strep test

throat test used to detect streptococcal bacteria

[M13] sputum culture

laboratory test used to identify microorganisms in sputum

[M13] pulse oximetry

measurement of oxygen saturation in the blood

[M13] spirometer

instrument used to measure air taken into and expelled from the lungs

[M13] pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

tests used to measure lung function

[M13] forced vital capacity (FVC)

amount of air forcibly exhaled after a deep inhalation

[M13] peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

measurement of how quickly air can be exhaled

[M13] residual volume (RV)

air remaining in the lungs after complete exhalation

[M13] total lung capacity (TLC)

maximum amount of air the lungs can hold

[M13] bronchoscopy

visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope

[M13] bronchoscope

instrument used to examine the bronchi

[M13] laryngoscopy

visual examination of the larynx

[M13] lobectomy

surgical removal of a lobe of the lung

[M13] laryngectomy

surgical removal of the larynx

[M13] rhinoplasty

plastic surgery of the nose

[M13] submucous resection (SMR)

surgery used to correct a deviated nasal septum

[M13] endotracheal (ET) tube

tube inserted into the trachea to maintain an airway

[M13] ventilator

machine that assists or provides breathing

[M13] continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

air-pressure treatment commonly used for sleep apnea

[M13] nebulizer

device that converts liquid medication into an inhaled mist

[M13] bronchodilator

medication that opens the bronchi

[M13] expectorant

medication that loosens mucus and promotes expectoration

[M13] aerosol

medication delivered as a fine mist

[M13] oxygen therapy

treatment using supplemental oxygen

[M13] postural drainage

body positioning used to drain mucus from the lungs

[M13] ox/i

oxygen

[M13] oxy-

sharp; quick; rapid

[M13] bronch/o

bronchus

[M13] brachi/o

arm