Respiration in Plants

ETS

ETS

The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another is called the electron transport system (________) and it is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Glycolysis

________ occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and is present in all living organisms.

Gustav Embden

The scheme of glycolysis was given by ________, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often referred to as the EMP pathway.

PGAL

________ is oxidized with inorganic phosphate to get converted into BPGA.

GTP

In a coupled reaction ________ is converted to GDP with the simultaneous synthesis of ATP from ADP.

combustion reaction

The ________ requires oxygen.

molecule of CoA

The reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme citrate synthase and a(n) ________ is released.

F0

________ is an integral membrane protein complex that forms the channel through which protons cross the inner membrane.

RQ

When carbohydrates are used as substrate and are completely oxidized, the ________ will be 1, because equal amounts of CO2 and O2 are evolved and consumed.

Citrate

________ is then isomerized to isocitrate.

Ubiquinone

________ also receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 (complex II) that is generated during the oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle.

NADH

________ is oxidized to NAD+ rather slowly in fermentation, however, the reaction is very vigorous in case of aerobic respiration.

O2

The passing on of the electrons removed as part of the hydrogen atoms to molecular ________ with the simultaneous synthesis of ATP.

Glucose

________ is the favored substrate for respiration.

Aerobic respiration

________ is the process that leads to the complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen and releases CO2, water, and a large amount of energy present in the substrate.

availability of O2

When cells photosynthesize, the ________ is not a problem in these cells since O2 is released within the cell.

Sucrose

________ is converted into glucose and fructose by the enzyme, invertase, and these two monosaccharides readily enter the glycolytic pathway.

incomplete oxidation of glucose

In fermentation, say by yeast, the ________ is achieved under anaerobic conditions by sets of reactions where pyruvic acid is converted to CO2 and ethanol.

concentration of alcohol

Yeasts poison themselves to death when the ________ reaches about 13 percent.

F1 headpiece

The ________ is a peripheral membrane protein complex and contains the site for the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

lactic acid

In both ________ and alcohol fermentation, not much energy is released; less than seven percent of the energy in glucose is released and not all of it is trapped as high energy bonds of ATP.

NADH

The ________ synthesized in glycolysis is transferred into the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.

O2

Plants require ________ for respiration to occur and they also give out CO2.

aerobic respiration

For ________ to take place within the mitochondria, the final product of glycolysis, pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria.

Glucose

________ and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose- 6- phosphate by the activity of the enzyme hexokinase.

NADH

Electrons from ________ produced in the mitochondrial matrix during the citric acid cycle are oxidized by a(n) ________ dehydrogenase (complex I), and electrons are then transferred to ubiquinone located within the inner membrane.

Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6

phosphate by the activity of the enzyme hexokinase

This phosphorylated form of glucose then isomerizes to produce fructose-6

phosphate

Also, the processes are hazardous

either acid or alcohol is produced

Only glucose is being respired

no other alternative substrates are entering the pathway at any of the intermediary stages