ap Biology flashcards - on quiz 1 + HW

focus for quiz: domain, kingdoms, and trees (half of these are from the HW)

What are the 3 domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

What is a major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus

Which domains contain prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which domain contains eukaryotes?

Eukarya

What are characteristics of Bacteria?

Unicellular and lack a nucleus

What is the bacterial cell wall made of?

Peptidoglycan

Where can bacteria live?

Almost every type of environment

What are characteristics of Archaea?

Unicellular, prokaryotic, and often live in extreme conditions

What helps Archaea survive extreme conditions?

Ether bonds in their cell membrane lipids

What is the Archaea cell wall made of?

Pseudopeptidoglycan

What are examples of Archaea?

Methanogens, thermophiles, and halophiles

What is a key difference between bacterial and archaeal cell walls?

They have different ingredients/components

What is a characteristic of Eukarya?

Cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What organisms are in the Eukarya domain?

Animals, plants, protists, and fungi

What are the 4 official names of kingdoms in Eukarya?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

What kingdom contains protists?

Protista

What type of organisms are protists?

Eukaryotes, mostly unicellular

Where do protists usually live?

Aquatic or moist environments

Can protists be parasites?

Yes

What are three types of protist appendages?

Flagella, cilia, and pseudopods

What do flagella and cilia help protist organisms do?

Move

What are protist pseudopods?

"False" feet used for movement

What specific organism example moves using pseudopods?

Amoeba

What kingdom contains fungi?

Fungi lol

Can fungi be both unicellular and multicellular?

Yep, just like protists

What is the main role of fungi in ecosystems?

Decompose matter

Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs

What are fungal cell walls made of?

Chitin!

What is chitin?

A polysaccharide polymer

Where can fungi live?

Dead matter, soil, and aquatic habitats

What are examples of fungi?

Yeast, molds, and mushrooms

What kingdom/s contains plants?

Plantae

Are plants prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Are plants unicellular or multicellular?

Multicellular

What organelle allows plants to perform photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts

What are plant cell walls made of?

Cellulose

Are most plants autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Autotrophs

Why are plants called producers?

They make their own food

What process do plants use to make food?

Photosynthesis ofc

What does photosynthesis use to produce food?

Solar energy, WATER and carbon dioxide lol

What are examples of plants?

Mosses and ferns ig

What kingdom contains animals?

Animalia

Are animals unicellular or multicellular?

Multicellular

Are animals autotrophs or heterotrophs?

Heterotrophs

Do animal cells have cell walls?

No

What is taxonomy? -from HW

The science of classifying organisms

What is a phylogenetic tree?

A diagram showing evolutionary relationships

What does a branch point or node represent?

A common ancestor

What does common descent mean?

proof Organisms share a common ancestor

What is speciation?

When a group divides and avoids interbreeding

What is the goal of creating monophyletic groups?

To INCLUDE an ancestor and all descendants (called a clade)

What is a monophyletic group?

An ancestor and all of its descendants

What is a paraphyletic group?

An ancestor and some of its descendants

What is a polyphyletic group?

Descendants are grouped into multiple groups with no common ancestor

What is a node on a phylogenetic tree?

A branch point

What is an outgroup?

A lineage distant from the other species

What are sister taxa?

Closely related groups — similar

What is a polytomy?

A branch point with multiple species

What relationship does a phylogenetic tree show?

an Evolutionary relationship

How does DNA help scientists classify organisms?

It shows genetic relationships

What does a branch point suggest?

A common ancestor

def. of morphological

the structure a cell has - define the outer appearance

What type of evidence does the molecular tool use?

DNA evidence (to compare genetic similarities)

def. of homeostasis (*)

ability to keep body temperature regulated within a changing environment

Aside from a nucleus, what does a eukaryote have that a prokaryote doesn’t?

Histones

Do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use asexual reproduction?

All prokaryotes do but only SOME eukaryotes do

Do prokaryotes have ribosomes?

Yep

What is polygamy?

A node with two or more lineages