Period 1 apush extra credit

maize cultivation

agricultural practice of growing maize and was staple crop for native american societies before europeans came (ex. three sister farming)

hunter-gatherer economy

society that relied on hunting animals and foraging plants for food, sometimes nomadic or permanent (ex. Chumash and Shoshone)

northwest/CA natives

natives that adapted to rainforests, coastlines, and river systems (ex. Chinook and Mojave)

columbian exchange

transfer of plants, animals, diseases, technology, culture, population between old world and new world (ex. potatoes and smallpox)

plantation based agriculture

farming on large estates dedicated to cultivating cash crops and cotton for sale (tobacco, sugar, indigo)

maritime technology

advancements in shipbuilding and navigation that made europeans conduct long distance voyages across atlantic ocean for exploration and trade (ex. compass, caravel)

great basin

inland draining desert region in the western US with basin, high temperatures, and mountains (ex. Utah, Organ, Hunter gatherer lifestyle)

agricultural economy

economic system centered on production, distribution and consumption of agricultural products, all crops sold (ex. cotton, tobacco)

spanish exploration

Period when spain sponsored overseas exploration to find new routes, wealth, and territories leading to discovery of new world (ex. Christopher Columbus)

encomienda system

Spanish labor system that gave spanish colonists the right to demand forced labor of indigenous people, forced them to live on their land and work for them (ex. conversion to christianity, forced labor)

joint stock companies

business where multiple stakeholders pooled money to find ventures like colonization, sharing risks and profits (ex. Virginia Co, Dutch East India Company)

deadly epidemics

widespread rapid outbreaks of diseases killing populations that had no immunity (natives) spread from europeans (ex. smallpox, measles)

great plains

vast, flat grassland region in North America characterized by fertile soil, stretching from Canada to Texas and rocky mountains (ex. buffalo hunting, nomadic lifestyles for natives)

Permanent Villages

community where people live in fixed location for extended periods supported by stable agriculture, consistent food sources and established social structure (ex. cahokia, pueblo, iroquis)

Northeast Natives

diverse indigenous people of eastern woodlands region of north america in forests and woodlands (ex. iroquis, algonquians) 

Slave labor

system of forced and unpaid labor where individuals were considered property and compelled to work under brutal conditions (ex. chattel slavery)

Feudalism to Capitalism

economic system based on land ownership and obligation to economic system based on private ownership of production, competition, and profit (ex. obligation to social mobility, strict to loose social hierarchy)

Spanish caste system

hierarchical social and racial classification system in spanish colonies that determined a person social status, rights, and opportunities based on ancestry (ex. peninsulares > creoles > mezitos > Mullatos > Indigneous & enslaved)