Movement descriptors, joint structure and classification

Which movements relate to the sagittal plane?

Flexion and extension

Which movements relate to the frontal plane?

Abduction and adduction

Which movements relate to the transverse?

Internal (medial) rotation and External (lateral) rotation

What is called when the movements combine the planes?

Circumduction

What is flexion?

Decreasing the joint angle

What is Extension?

Increases the joint ange

What is hyperextension?

Extension beyond normal anatomical range

What is an example of a sagittal plane movement?

Elbow flexion during bicep curl, knee extension during leg extension machine, hip flexion raising knee towards chest

What is Abduciton?

Moves a limb away from the midline of the body

What is adduction?

Moves a limb toward the midline of the body

Examples of frontal plane movements?

Raising arm out to side, bringing legs together

What is Internal (medial) rotation?

Rotation toward the midline

What is external (lateral) rotation?

Rotation away from midline

Examples of transverse plane movements?

Internal rotation of shoulder during follow through of a throw, external rotaion of hip in a turnout movement

What is circumduction?

Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction in sequence

Where does circumduction occur?

Ball-and-socket and condyloid joints

Examples of circumduction?

Arm circles

Which joint does dorsiflexion / plantarflexion relate to?

Ankle

What is dorsiflexion?

Toes towards shin

What is plantarflexion?

Toes away from shin

What joint does pronation and supination relate to?

Forearm

What is pronation?

Palm down

What is supination?

Palm up

What joint does inversion / version relate to?

Foot

What is inversion?

Sole turns inwards

What is eversion?

Sole turns outward

What joint does elevation / depression relate to?

Scapula

What is elevation?

Scapula moves up

What is depression?

Moves down

What joint does protraction / retraction relate to?

Scapula

What is protraction?

Scapula moves forward

What is retraction?

Scapula moves backward

What is functional classification of joints?

How much a joint moves

The functional classification of immovable joints is?

Synarthrosis

The functional classification of slightly moveable joints is?

Amphiarthrosis

The functional classification of freely moveable joints is?

Diarthrosis

Synarthrosis joint are mostly structurally classified as?

Fibrous joints

Amphiarthrosis joints are mostly structurally classified as?

Cartilaginous joints

Diarthrosis joints are all structurally classified as what joint?

Synovial joints

Fibrous joints are?

Bones connected by dense fibrous connective tissue with little to no movement

What is an example of a fibrous joint?

Sutures of the skull, interosseous member and between radius and ulna

What is cartilaginous joints?

Bones connected by cartilage with slight movement

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

What are synovial joints?

Bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed in a capsule, freely moveable

What are examples of a synovial joint?

Shoulder, elbow, knee, hip

What is a plane (gliding) joint?

Flat surfaces slide past each other

What type of synovial joint is a plane joint?

Nonaxial

How many axis of rotation does a nonaxial joint have?

None

What are examples of a plane joint?

Intercarpal and intertarsal

What is a hinge joint?

Movement in one plane only (flexion/extension), uniaxial

What is an example of a hinge joint?

Elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints

What is a pivot joint?

Rotation around a single axis, uniaxial

What are example of pivot joints?

Proximal radioulnar joint (forearm) and atlantoaxial joint (head)

What is a Condyloid (ellipsoid) joint?

Movement in two planes (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction), biaxial

What are examples of condyloid joints?

Radiocarpal (wrist), metacarpophalangeal (knuckles)

What is a saddle joint?

Similar to condyloid but greater mobility, biaxial

What is an example of a saddle joint?

Carpometacarpal (base of thumb)

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

Movement in three planes, triaxial, most mobile

Examples of ball-and-socket joints?

Glenohumeral (shoulder) and acetabulofemoral (hip)

What is degrees of freedom?

Number of independent planes a joint can move in

What is the payoff when it comes to more degrees of freedom?

More mobility but gernerally less inherent stability.