Pb

When does mitosis occur in a diplobiontic (alternation of generations) life cycle?

both the haploid and diploid phases

By what type of division do gametes arise in a diplobiontic (alternation of generations) life cycle?

mitosis

What kind of life cycle is displayed by the modern algal descendants of the last common ancestor with land plants?

haplobiontic-haploid

What cellular feature is common between a small group of algae and the land plants?

phragmoplast

Of the four major adaptations characterizing land plants, which is common to all groups?

embryos/ multicellular diploid structures

Where does meiosis occur in a moss?

capsule of the sporophyte

Where do you find stomata in mosses?

the sporophyte

Which generation is the persistent, predominant generation in liverworts?

gametophyte

What is the ploidy of the protonema produced by a moss spore?

haploid

What structures provide anchorage for the gametophyte?

rhizoids

What cells in mosses aid in water conduction?

hydroids

Where is the egg produced in bryophytes?

archegonia/ the female gametangia

Which group of bryophytes features the most persistent sporophyte?

hornworts

Where does meiosis occur in a lycophyte?

sporangia on the sporophyte

Which generation is the persistent, predominant generation in lycopods (club mosses)?

the sporophyte

Of the four major adaptations characterizing land plants, which appeared first in club mosses?

vascular system

What are spores dispersing in free-sporing plants?

the gametophyte generation

How do subterranean lycophyte gametophytes survive?

mycorrhizal associations

What type of leaf are the sporophylls in the strobilus of Lycopodium?

microphylls

In which group of plants do we first encounter true roots?

lycopods

What is the difference between heterospory in Selaginella and in seed plants?

Selaginella megaspore dispersed/ seed plants retained

In what life phase is sex determined in a heterosporous plant?

sporophyte phase

What is the term for gametophyte development in heterosporous plants?

endosporic

Are most ferns homosporous?

true

What is the ploidy of the fern prothallus?

haploid

When does sex determination occur in ferns?

gametophyte phase

What characterizes ferns?

sporophyte dominant & gametophytes live independently

What kind of leaves are fern fronds?

megaphylls

What kinds of leaves are found in Equisetum?

microphylls

What adaptation is common to gymnosperms and angiosperms?

seeds

How does a pine microgametophyte obtain its nutrition?

the nucellus

What type of leaves are pine needles?

microphylls

Which structures are present in Pinophyta?

archegonia

Does the presence of flagellated sperm cells mean a plant always depends on water for fertilization?

false

What represents the megagametophyte in seed plants?

embryo sac

In which floral whorl are megasporophylls found?

the carpel whorl

From what does the female gametophyte develop in seed plants?

the megaspore

How is the egg cell produced in angiosperms?

mitosis

What does the second sperm nucleus do in angiosperms?

primary endosperm nucleus

What is the parentage of the endosperm?

one sperm nucleus & two polar nuclei

What does an ovule become?

a seed

What is the origin of the seed coat?

the integuments

Which statement is NOT true about the nucellus?

does not release spores

What does an ovary become?

a fruit

What best describes mature pollen?

a microgametophyte