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Here are some flashcards based on the provided test questions:

Card 1

  • Front: When does mitosis occur in a diplobiontic (alternation of generations) life cycle?

  • Back: Mitosis occurs in both the haploid and diploid phases of a diplobiontic life cycle. In simpler terms, mitosis occurs after fertilization to produce the sporophyte and after meiosis to produce the gametophyte.

Card 2

  • Front: By what type of division do gametes arise in a diplobiontic (alternation of generations) life cycle?

  • Back: Gametes are produced through mitosis in a diplobiontic life cycle.

Card 3

  • Front: What kind of life cycle is displayed by the modern algal descendants of the last common ancestor with land plants?

  • Back: The modern algal descendants of the last common ancestor with land plants exhibit a haplobiontic-haploid life cycle.

Card 4

  • Front: What cellular feature is common between a relatively small group of algae (i.e., it is lacking in most algae) and the land plants?

  • Back: The phragmoplast, a structure involved in cell wall formation during cell division, is a feature shared by a small group of algae and all land plants.

Card 5

  • Front: Of the four major adaptations characterizing the various groups of land plants, which is common to all of the groups?

  • Back: All land plants share the characteristic of having embryos. The embryo is a multicellular diploid structure that develops from the zygote and is nutritionally supported by the female gametophyte.

Card 6

  • Front: Where does meiosis occur in a moss?

  • Back: Meiosis occurs in the capsule of the sporophyte in a moss. This is where haploid spores are produced.

Card 7

  • Front: Where do you find stomata in mosses?

  • Back: Stomata are found in the sporophyte of mosses.

Card 8

  • Front: Which generation is the persistent, predominant generation in liverworts?

  • Back: The gametophyte generation is the persistent and predominant generation in liverworts. This means that the gametophyte is the longer-lived and more prominent phase of the life cycle.

Card 9

  • Front: A moss spore germinates to produce a protonema. What is the ploidy of the protonema?

  • Back: The protonema is haploid. It arises from the germination of a haploid spore.

Card 10

  • Front: What structures provide anchorage (and perhaps absorptive capacity) for the gametophyte?

  • Back: Rhizoids are the structures that provide anchorage for the gametophyte. While their role in absorption is debated, they primarily function in anchoring the plant to the substrate.

Card 11

  • Front: These cells, found in mosses, are not true vascular tissue cells but have a similar function to the tracheids of vascular plants.

  • Back: Hydroids are cells in mosses that, while not true vascular tissue, aid in water conduction, similar to the function of tracheids in vascular plants.

Card 12

  • Front: What structures produce the egg in bryophytes (the most specific answer is the correct one)?

  • Back: The egg in bryophytes is produced in archegonia, the female gametangia.

Card 13

  • Front: Which group of bryophytes features the most persistent sporophyte?

  • Back: Hornworts have the most persistent sporophyte among bryophytes. Unlike liverworts and mosses, the hornwort sporophyte is long-lived and has photosynthetic capabilities, although it still relies on the gametophyte for some support.

Card 14

  • Front: Where does meiosis occur in a lycophyte?

  • Back: In lycophytes, meiosis occurs in the sporangia, which are structures located on the sporophyte. Meiosis within the sporangia produces haploid spores.

Card 15

  • Front: Which generation is the persistent, predominant generation in lycopods (club mosses)?

  • Back: The sporophyte is the persistent and predominant generation in lycopods.

Card 16

  • Front: Of the four major adaptations characterizing land plants, which appeared first in club mosses?

  • Back: The vascular system, consisting of xylem and phloem, first appeared in club mosses. This innovation allowed for efficient transport of water and nutrients, contributing to their success on land.

Card 17

  • Front: In a free-sporing plant, what are the spores actually dispersing?

  • Back: In free-sporing plants, the spores are dispersing the gametophyte generation. When a spore germinates, it develops into a gametophyte, which then produces gametes.

Card 18

  • Front: Some lycophyte gametophytes are subterranean. How do they live since they can’t photosynthesize underground?

  • Back: Subterranean lycophyte gametophytes survive through mycorrhizal associations. They form symbiotic relationships with fungi, which provide them with nutrients.

Card 19

  • Front: The sporophylls in the strobilus of Lycopodium are what type of leaf?

  • Back: The sporophylls in the strobilus of Lycopodium are microphylls. Microphylls are small leaves with a single, unbranched vein.

Card 20

  • Front: In which group of plants do we first encounter true roots?

  • Back: True roots first appear in lycopods.

Card 21

  • Front: What is a difference between heterospory as found in Selaginella and heterospory in seed plants?

  • Back: In Selaginella, the megaspore is dispersed, while in seed plants, it is retained by the sporophyte.

Card 22

  • Front: In what life phase is sex determined in a heterosporous plant?

  • Back: Sex is determined in the sporophyte phase in a heterosporous plant. The sporophyte produces two types of spores: microspores, which develop into male gametophytes, and megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes.

Card 23

  • Front: What term do we use to describe gametophyte development in heterosporous plants?

  • Back: Endosporic development is the term used to describe gametophyte development in heterosporous plants. This means that the gametophytes develop within the spore wall.

Card 24

  • Front: Most ferns are homosporous.

  • Back: True. Most ferns produce only one type of spore, making them homosporous.

Card 25

  • Front: What is the ploidy of the fern prothallus (the special name given to the fern gametophyte)?

  • Back: The fern prothallus is haploid (N).

Card 26

  • Front: Fern spores can germinate to give rise to gametophytes with both antheridia and archegonia, or just antheridia, or just archegonia. In fact, a gametophyte with archegonia can secrete antheridiogens that will induce subsequent spores to germinate and produce gametophytes with antheridia. Based upon those observations, in what life phase of ferns do you think sex determination occurs?

  • Back: Sex determination in ferns seems to occur in the gametophyte phase. The ability of fern gametophytes to produce either antheridia, archegonia, or both, and the influence of antheridiogens on subsequent spore development suggests that sex is determined after the haploid spore germinates and develops into the gametophyte.

Card 27

  • Front: Which of the following characterizes ferns?
    I. Sporophyte dominant (i.e., if you encounter it in the woods, the green, leafy plant you see is the sporophyte)
    II. Gametophyte dominant (i.e., if you encounter it in the woods, the green, leafy plant you see is the gametophyte)
    III. Sporophyte depends upon gametophyte for its nutrition
    IV. Gametophyte depends upon the sporophyte for its nutrition
    V. Gametophytes live independently from the sporophyte.

  • Back: The characteristics that describe ferns are:
    I.     Sporophyte dominant: The sporophyte is the dominant, longer-lived, and more prominent generation in ferns.
    V.     Gametophytes live independently from the sporophyte: Fern gametophytes are small, heart-shaped structures that live independently of the sporophyte and obtain nutrition through photosynthesis.

Card 28

  • Front: What kind of leaves are fern fronds?

  • Back: Fern fronds are megaphylls. Megaphylls are leaves with multiple, branched veins.

Card 29

  • Front: What kinds of leaves are found in Equisetum?

  • Back: Equisetum have microphylls, but they have been reduced from megaphylls present in their ancestors.

Card 30

  • Front: Of the four major adaptations characterizing the land plants, which is common to gymnosperms and angiosperms but absent from the other groups?

  • Back: Seeds are the adaptation common to gymnosperms and angiosperms but absent in other land plant groups. Seeds represent a significant evolutionary advancement, providing protection and nourishment to the embryo and enhancing dispersal capabilities.

Card 31

  • Front: From pollination to fertilization in pines, it takes 1–2 years. That is a long time for a pine microgametophyte to survive. How does it obtain its nutrition?

  • Back: Pine microgametophytes utilize the nucellus (megasporangium) as a food source. They essentially parasitize the female sporophyte tissue to obtain nutrition during their prolonged development within the ovule.

Card 32

  • Front: What type of leaves are pine needles?

  • Back: Pine needles are considered a type of microphyll. Though they are elongated and needle-like, they possess a single vein.

Card 33

  • Front: Which of the following is (are) present in the Pinophyta (our example life cycle being that of the pine tree)? (A) Antheridia (B) Archegonia (C) Both (D) Neither

  • Back: Only archegonia are present in Pinophyta.

Card 34

  • Front: If flagellated sperm cells are present in a land plant life cycle, it will always be true that the plant depends upon water for fertilization to occur.

  • Back: False. While some plants with flagellated sperm, like certain gymnosperms, retain a dependence on water for fertilization, others have evolved mechanisms to circumvent this need.

Card 35

  • Front: What represents the megagametophyte in seed plants?

  • Back: The embryo sac represents the megagametophyte in seed plants. It is a multicellular, haploid structure that develops within the ovule and houses the egg cell.

Card 36

  • Front: In which floral whorl would you encounter the megasporophylls?

  • Back: You would encounter the megasporophylls in the carpel whorl (gynoecium). The carpels are the female reproductive structures of a flower, and they bear the ovules, which contain the megasporangia.

Card 37

  • Front: From what does the female gametophyte develop in seed plants?

  • Back: In seed plants, the female gametophyte develops from the megaspore. The megaspore is a haploid spore that is produced by meiosis in the megasporangium (nucellus).

Card 38

  • Front: By what kind of nuclear division is the egg cell produced in angiosperms?

  • Back: The egg cell in angiosperms is produced by mitosis. The megaspore undergoes mitotic divisions to form the embryo sac, which contains the egg cell.

Card 39

  • Front: In angiosperms, one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg. What does the second sperm nucleus do?

  • Back: The second sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the primary endosperm nucleus, which develops into the endosperm.

Card 40

  • Front: What is the parentage of the endosperm?

  • Back: The endosperm has a mixed parentage. It is formed from the fusion of one sperm nucleus (male) and two polar nuclei (female).

Card 41

  • Front: What does an ovule become?

  • Back: An ovule develops into a seed after fertilization.

Card 42

  • Front: The seed coat arises from the integuments. What is the origin of the integuments?

  • Back: The integuments originate from the sporophyte, specifically from the tissue surrounding the megasporangium (nucellus).

Card 43

  • Front: Which of the following is NOT true about the nucellus?

  • Back: The statement that is NOT true about the nucellus is (C) It releases spores. In seed plants, the nucellus (megasporangium) retains the megaspore and does not release it.

Card 44

  • Front: What does an ovary become?

  • Back: The ovary develops into a fruit after fertilization.

Card 45

  • Front: Which of the following best describes mature pollen?

  • Back: Mature pollen is best described as a microgametophyte.