Human A&P 2: Organization

Human Anatomy & Physiology Lecture 2

Integumentary System

Components:

• Skin & associated structures

• Hair

• Nails

• Sweat Glands

• Oil Glands

Functions:

• Regulate body temp

• Protection

• Eliminates some wastes

• Helps make vitamin D

• Detect sensations

• Stores fat & provides insulation

Skeletal System

Components:

• Bones

• Joints

• Cartilages

Functions:

• Support & protect body

• Area for muscle attachment

• Stores cells that produce blood cells

• Stores minerals & lipids

Muscular System

Components:

• Skeletal muscle tissue

Functions:

• Body movements

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

Nervous System

Components:

• Brain

• Spinal Cord

• Nerves

• Eyes

• Ears

Functions:

• Regulate body activities

• Detects change in environment

• Responds to change with muscular contractions & glandular secretions

Endocrine System

Components:

• Glands & tissues that produce hormones

Functions:

• Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs

Cardiovascular System

Components:

• Blood

• Heart

• Blood Vessels

Functions:

• Heart pumps blood through vessels

• Blood carries nutrients to cells, wastes away from cells

• Helps regulate acidity, water, and temperature

• Blood components help defend against disease

• Mend damaged vessels

Lymphatic System & Immunity

Components:

• Lymphatic Fluid

• Lymphatic Vessels

• Spleen

• Thymus

• Lymph Nodes

• Tonsils

• B & T Cells

Functions:

• Returns proteins & fluid to blood

• Carries lipids from GI tract to blood

• Contains B & T cells

Respiratory System

Components:

• Lungs

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchial Tubes

Functions:

• Transfers O2 to blood, CO2 out of blood

• Helps regulate acidity of fluids

• Produces sounds through vocal chords

Digestive System

Components:

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small, large intestines

• Rectum

• Anus

• Salivary Glands

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

Functions:

• Physical & chemical breakdown of food

• Absorbs nutrients

• Eliminates solid wastes

Urinary System

Components:

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary Bladder

• Urethra

Functions:

• Produces, stores eliminates urine

• Eliminates wastes & regulates volume & chemical composition of blood

• Helps regulate acid-base balance of fluids

• Mineral balance

• Regulates red blood cell production

Reproductive System

Components:

• Testes/Ovaries

• Uterine Tubes

• Uterus

• Vagina

• Epididymis

• Ductus Deferens

• Penis

• Mammary Glands

Functions:

• Gonads produce gamete that unite to form new organism

• release hormones that regulate reproduction

• Store & transport gametes

• Mammary glands produce milk

Homeostasis

Tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

3 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

1. Receptor: Provides info about stimuli

2. Control Center: Tells what a particular value should be

3. Effector: Elicits response that change conditions in the internal environment

Negative Feedback Systems

Reverse changes in a controlled condition

• Regulation of BP, body temp, glucose regulation

5 Steps of Homeostatic Control

Homeostasis Example

1. Stimulus: Body temp exceeds 37C

2. Receptor: Skin senses the warmth

3. Input: Skin sends message to Hypothalamus

   Control Center: Hypothalamus

4. Output: Hypothalamus signals the release of sweat

5. Response: Body sweats & releases heat

Homeostasis Positive Feedback Example