APUSH Periods 1-5 Key Terms and Dates

Columbian Exchange (1492-1500's)

Triangle trade between Africa, America, and Europe. Exchange of ideas, techniques, crops(maize, potatoes, squash), animals(Lecota's gain horse), slaves and disease.

Spain in New World

Settle in Central America, Mexico, and Southwest parts of modern U.S. Gained land using encomienda system. Took control of land and Native Americans had to pay tribute for living on the land in form of food or animals or labor on sugar plantations and mines. They also were supposed to convert Natives to Catholicism and educate them (although there was much abuse of this system).

French in New World

Settled in Canada and Mississippi River Valley. Assimilated into Native American culture by trading furs among the Natives and marrying into the tribes. These men were called "coureurs de bois". Many formed an alliance with Algonquin and learned the Native American language of the community in which they assimilated. Those who learned the language had success as Jesuit missionaries among the Huron people converting them to Christianity.

English in the New World

At first, most immigrants were outcasts, wanting to start a new life free from the poverty and overpopulation they left in England. They settled on the East Coast. England later encouraged further immigration via the Headright System. Colonists already living in Virginia received 100 acres, and for each person who paid their own passage, they gained 50 acres of land. Wealthy individuals would pay the passages of poorer immigrants and accumulate their headrights. These immigrants became indentured servants, contracted to work for a certain amount of time to pay off their debt.

Jamestown

1607, first permanent, English settlement.
Joint-stock company "The Virginia Company" (business entity where owners have a share transferable without need of consent) founded it
Tobacco supported the colony economically
Later becomes a royal company when the King takes control of Virginia in 1624, in an effort to prevent their dissolution as a result of war with the natives

Roanoke

English colony of 1587. Disappeared

John Rolphe

Tobacco planter who married Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, bringing peace

John Smith

Founder of Jamestown. Documented and created maps of the Chesapeake Bay. Also taught settlers how to farm and work.

"tobacco gold"

Tobacco was the source of economic profit in Jamestown and the Chesapeake colonies

Triangular Trade

Europe trades manufactured good for slaves in Africa, boats bring slaves to America, and America gives raw goods to Europe

Mercantilism

The mother country of a colony had the right to regulate with whom trade would occur, generally limiting trade of their colonies to themselves, and the colony would give cheaper and even free rates while the mother country would accumulate bullion

Puritans

English settlers who had wanted to "purify" the Church (settle in Plymouth)

Separatists

English settlers who wanted to separate from the Church (settle in Plymouth)

Pilgrims

Settlers escaping religious persecution, many settled in New England.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Pilgrims combine with civil body who had been granted land in Plymouth
Democratic(somewhat)

Middle Passage

Travel of captured Africans to America via large overcrowded and unsanitary boats

Plymouth

location in modern-day Massachusetts where Pilgrims migrated

New England

Northern colonies (Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay Colony)
Escaping religious persecution
"city on a hill" beacon of righteousness
Squanto and pilgrims, better relationship
Cleaner water and cooler weather

Middle and Southern colonies

Jamestown/Chesapeake
Joint-stock
Diversity
House of Burgesses 1619
gold and then tobacco
becomes royal(King wants benefits of tobacco) and then proprietary later
disagreements with Powhatans
Baltimore haven for Catholics
bad climate, marshes
1619 first slaves

1619

First slaves imported to Jamestown and House of Burgesses(first Democracy)

Colonial Economies of English

NE: small farms, ship building, whaling, trade
Middle: farming wheat, corn, breadbasket, diverse(Jewish, Catholic, Germans, Sweds)
Southern: slavery, cash crops(sugar, tobacco, later cotton)

Enlightenment

European intellectual movement between 17th and 18th centuries (1600-1700's) pushing for reason and individualism rather than tradition
Famous: Locke, Hobbes, Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau

John Locke

Enlightened philosopher. Social Contract and tabula rasa, as well as Natural Rights
Rights to life, liberty, and property(Jefferson changes this to pursuit of happiness)

Social Contract

Believes that if a tyrannical king is in power, the people have the right start a revolution (from John Locke)
Justification in Dec. of Independence

Ben Franklin

innovator and known for American Enlightenment
Lightning rod, stove, and other inventions
Founded New England Courant (satire of political and religious leaders)
Created the" join or die" poster

French and Indian War / 7 Years' War (1754-1763)

War between French and English ended by Treaty of Paris 1763
Disagreement about territorial claims, both wanted Ohio River Valley

Pontiac's Rebellion 1763

Ottawa Chief Pontiac leads Native Americans dissatisfied with British colonies post-French and Indian war wanting to regain Ohio River Valley

Bacon's Rebellion 1676

Upset by Native Americans and taxes, decides to attack innocent Native Americans. Governor won't let him do it, but Bacon continues

Albany Plan

Ben Franklin's idea
Form grand council of various colonies to oversee defense, expansion and Indian diplomacy

Taxes

Stamp Act (1765): first time Parliament taxed to raise revenue rather than regulate trade
Townshend Act (1767): Tax on glass, lead, paint, paper and tea, everyday necessities
Declaratory Act (1766): Lessened Stamp Act, but kept certain taxes just to show their power

Great Awakening

Widespread evangelical religious revival movement of 1750's. Weakened congregation and authority
Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield were popular
Called "New Lights" and "Itinerant Preachers"

"No Taxation Without Representation"

Slogan of American colonies upset by taxation without being represented in British parliament. British said they were virtually represented

Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770)

Americans throw stones and sticks at British soldiers and soldiers kill colonists

Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773)

Men dressed as Mohawk Indians and pitched chests of tea in water as act of rebellion

Continental Congress

1774-1789 served as government
Declared independence later ratified Articles of Confederation

Lexington and Concord (1775)

First confrontation of Revolutionary War
British to destroy rebel weaponry
"Shot Heard Round the World"

Common Sense

written by Thomas Paine
Opposed monarchy and called for defense of republican principles talking about Locke's Social Contract
Written in common terms to reach public

Thomas Jefferson

Credited for writing the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution
Also the third president and prominent Democratic-Republican

Declaration of Independence (1776)

based no Enlightenment principles of John Locke
Declared colonies independent

Revolutionary War Causes

taxes following French and Indian war
Lack of representation
Proclamation of 1763 prevented them from settling further West
Great Awakening
Upset by British quartering

Revolutionary War Key Battles

Lexington & Concord - first battle
Bunker Hill - moral victory
Saratoga - gain French support
Yorktown - Cornwallis cornered

Revolutionary War Results

Articles of Confederation
Independence from British
Lack of tariff to protect economy

Patriots

Colonists supporting independence

Loyalists

colonists loyal to Britain

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ends Revolutionary War
New boundaries
Wouldn't persecute loyalists
British agreed to get out (takes a longer time before that actually happens - War of 1812)

Articles of Confederation

unstable and lack of central government
Best was Northwest Land Ordinance to help establish new states with education and no slavery

Shay's Rebellion (1786)

Upset by Articles of Confederation not taking care of their farms and putting them in prison out of debt
Couldn't pay debt in hard currency

James Madison

composed Virginia Plan
Later will become 4th president
Known for pushing Bill of Rights
Sec. of State for Thomas Jefferson

Virginia Plan

Written by James Madison, presented by Edmund Randolph
Encouraged assemblies by population
national govt. with Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary

New Jersey Plan

Unicameral legislature with equal votes
Good for small states

Great Compromise

bicameral legislature
House for population
Senate with 2 reps per state

3/5th Compromise

A slave worth 3/5th a person
Agreement settled on for Constitution

Constitution

1787
Contained more power for federal govt.
Balance of powers / checks and balances

Federalism

Division of power between federal govt. and states

Republicanism

citizens elect representatives to carry out their wills

George Washington

First president of United States and also popular general

Alexander Hamilton

Sec. of the Treasury for Washington
Strong Federalist
Economic Proposals
-National Bank
-protective tariff and fund national debt, assume state debt to create cohesion
-expand domestic manufacturing
-internal improvement

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)

Jefferson wrote Kentucky Resolutions
Madison wrote Virginia Resolutions
Advocated bill of rights and letting states defend rights and determine constitutionality
States should have rights over federal law
Compact Theory
-states make agreement as long as they agree, if they disagree, they can nullify

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Passed during John Adam's presidency
Use of federal court and president power to silence Republicans
halt citizenship (since many became Democratic-Republicans)
Prevent criticism of president and administration
suppress free speech

John Marshall

First supreme court justice
Midnight judge of John Adams

Federalists

Hamilton and George Washington(discreetly)
Wanted strong government with power over states

Democratic-Republicans

Jefferson, Madison
Wanted stronger states rights
Locals people advocating bill of rights

John Adams

President after Washington
XYZ Affair
Jay's Treaty
Alien and Sedition Acts

Election of 1800

"Peaceful Revolution" Transfer of power to Jefferson and Dem.-Republicans

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Jefferson violated strict interp. of Constitution in order to expand the U.S.
Napoleon doesn't want anything more to do with Americas after Haitian Revolution

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1805)

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
Travel across U.S. to navigate Missouri River and document life out West

Impressments

British capture American sailors and force them into British army

Embargo Act (1807)

Federal government monitoring trade to prevent trade with Britain and France from their war

War of 1812

Causes:
Impressments
Desire for Canadian land
British interference in commerce and aid to Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley

Three fronts:
Canada
Chesapeake (British burn down D.C. but Americans survive by hurricane putting out fire)
New Orleans (Jackson leads victory in NO after treaty has already been signed)

Results:
Demise of Federalist Party
Nationalism
Industrialization
General Andrew Jackson

War Hawks

Opposed national humiliation and wanted to resist British
Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

James Monroe (1817-1825 presidency)

Era of Good Feelings
Following War of 1812
Monroe Doctrine 1823: Declared that Western hemisphere could not be further colonized

Era of Good Feelings

After War of 1812
Clay's American System (Second National Bank, internal developments, tariffs)

Missouri Compromise of 1820

underlying slavery conflict
Missouri was borderline North and South and also would break the order of alternating free states and slave states entering the Union
Compromise was that Maine would enter first and that slavery states could not be created North of the 36'30'' line

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin which encouraged the practice of slavery

Advances in Transportation

Steamboats used in 1820s and 1830s
Erie Canal in 1825 (funded by NYC)
Railroad
National roads

Election of 1824

Van Buren helps establish new campaigning strategies to gain votes for Jackson
Jackson wins popular vote, but need to go to House to make the vote for president and John Quincy Adams wins

"Corrupt Bargain"

John Quincy Adams wins election of 1824 through help of Henry Clay

Andrew Jackson

President in 1828
Trail of Tears
Previously a general during War of 1812
Bank War

John Quincy Adams

President in 1824, wanted to expand educational tools

Democrats

Andrew Jackson's party
Common man
Believed in Manifest Destiny

Nullification Crisis

John C. Calhoun believed that South Carolina had the right to nullify the tariff of abominations

John C. Calhoun

States' rights advocated who wrote doctrine of nullification

Henry Clay

Compromise of 1850
Dealt with "Corrupt Bargain"
Tried for presidency 3 times without success
Helps create plan for Missouri Compromise

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Tariff between 1816-1828 to protect home industry
Northeast benefited, but hurt the South

States Rights

John C. Calhoun believed in doctrine of nullification

Indian Removal

Jackson violated the Worcester v. Georgia Supreme Court case saying that Cherokee had right to stay on their land
He forced Native Americans to move further West

Trail of Tears

Forceful removal of Cherokee to settlement across the Mississippi River
relocated to Oklahoma
1/4 died

Whigs

John Quincy, Tyler, Harrison, Fillmore
Believed in a more selective voting system
Opposed Democrats
Second Party System was term given to rivalry between Democrats and Whigs

Social Movements

Temperance:
Abolition: Frederick Douglass's North Star, William Lloyd Garrison's newspaper The Liberator, also he founded American Anti-Slavery Society
Women's Rights: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott; 1848 Seneca Falls Convention
Prison Reforms: Dorothea Dix; efforts to start state mental hospitals
Public Education: Horace Mann, taxes to support free public elementary schools
Transcendentalism: movement for simple life in nature and in personal emotion and imagination; Thoreau and Emerson
Second Great Awakening: Religious focus on self and further away from Church

Manifest Destiny (1845)

Term coined by John O'Sullivan to justify American expansion to bring "civilization" to other areas
Expanding democracy, decreasing overpopulation, and with support of God

Texas War for Independence

Americans migrated to Texas as part of deal with Mexico
Wanted to keep their slavery and not convert to Catholicism
Lone Star Republic established
Stephen Austin encourages migration
Sam Houston as president

Alamo

Battle after American settlers declared independence

Santa Anna

Mexican commander who eventually surrendered

Gold Rush

Mass migration to West in search of gold

California/Oregon Country

Part of Manifest Destiny and Polk's plan
Wanted to gain Oregon (59'40'' or fight)

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

War that occurred once America annexed Texas in 1845
Fight over boundaries
Started because Polk claimed "American blood upon the American soil" was shed

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

End of Mexican-American war treaty in 1848
U.S. gained California, New Mexico, and parts of other Southwest
Rio Grande recognized as southern boundary of Texas

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

$10 million paid for to finish furthest part south of U.S.
Now area is part of New Mexico and Arizona

North vs. South

North:
industry, technology
Urban
Education
Immigrants

South:
slavery
rural
lack of education
aristocracy (feudal)