Bone Cells
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54 Terms
Which bone cells are responsible for bone formation, repair, and remodeling?
Osteoblasts
Which bone cells maintain the bone matrix?
Osteocytes
How do osteocytes form?
When bone matrix surrounds an osteoblast
Which bone cells remove existing bone during bone repair and remodeling?
Osteoclasts
What is the process of removing existing bone by osteoclasts called?
Bone resorption
What are the three major bone cells?
Osteoblast, Osteocyte, Osteoclast
What is the formation of bone by osteoblasts called?
Ossification
What type of ossification occurs WITHIN connective tissue membranes?
Intramembranous ossification
What type of ossification occurs INSIDE hyaline cartilage?
Endochondral ossification
What types of bone result from both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
Compact and spongy bone
What happens during intramembranous ossification?
Osteoblasts begin producing bone within connective tissue
In which bones does intramembranous ossification occur primarily?
Bones of the skull
During intramembranous ossification, where do osteoblasts line up and what do they deposit?
They line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and deposit bone matrix.
What structure does the deposited bone matrix form during intramembranous ossification?
Trabeculae
Where does intramembranous ossification begin?
Ossification centers
What happens to the trabeculae as they develop from the ossification centers?
They radiate outward from the centers
How many ossification centers usually exist in each flat skull bone and mature skull bones?
Two or more
How do mature flat skull bones form from their ossification centers?
The ossification centers enlarge and fuse together
What happens to the trabeculae during intramembranous ossification?
They are constantly remodeled and may enlarge or be replaced by compact bone
A bone formation WITHIN a cartilage model.
Endochondral ossification
What happens to the cartilage model during endochondral bone formation?
It is replaced by bone.
Where is the primary ossification center formed?
In the diaphysis of a long bone.
Where is the secondary ossification center formed?
n the epiphysis of a long bone.
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What do chondroblasts build during the first step of endochondral ossification?
A cartilage model
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What do chondroblasts become after building the cartilage model?
Chondrocytes
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What happens to the cartilage model during the second step of endochondral ossification?
It calcifies or hardens
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What happens after the cartilage model calcifies?
Osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What forms when osteoblasts invade the calcified cartilage?
A primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis.
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
Where do secondary ossification centers form?
In the epiphysis
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What happens to the original cartilage model during the final step of endochondral ossification?
It is almost completely ossified.
STEPS IN ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
What does the remaining cartilage become after endochondral ossification?
Articular cartilage
What is deposited during bone growth in width?
New bone lamellae
Where are new bone lamellae deposited during bone growth in width?
Onto existing bone or other connective tissue.
Which cells deposit new bone matrix during bone growth in width?
Osteoblasts
Where do osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix during bone growth in width?
Between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix.
What happens to the bone when osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix?
The bone increases in width or diameter
What is the process of bone growth in width called?
Appositional growth
It is the major source of increased height in an individual.
Bone growth in length
Where does bone growth in length occur?
In the epiphyseal plate
Through what process does bone growth in length occur?
Endochondral ossification
What happens to chondrocytes on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate?
They increase in number.
Where do chondrocytes increase in number?
On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate
What happens to the chondrocytes after they increase in number?
They enlarge and die
What happens to the cartilage matrix after the chondrocytes enlarge and die?
It becomes calcified
What happens to the cartilage around the enlarged chondrocytes?
It is removed by osteoclasts.
What replaces the dying chondrocytes?
Osteoblasts
How do osteoblasts start forming bone on the epiphyseal plate?
By depositing bone lamellae on the surface of the calcified cartilage
On which side of the epiphyseal plate is new bone produced?
The diaphyseal side
What is a major storage site for calcium in the body?
Bone
How does calcium movement in and out of bone affect the body?
It helps determine blood calcium levels
When does calcium move into bone?
When osteoblasts build new bone
When does calcium move out of bone?
When osteoclasts break down bone
What hormones maintain calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin