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#Midterms #185Terms!! #NaumaNakonnnnn #ApayNagado #HaanNaInsuroAmin
Aryan Root Word “AR”
To join or to put together
Latin Term “ARS”
Artificially made or composed by man
Renaissance words “arti” and “arte”
Craft guild and craftmanship
Art is very important in our lives
It constitutes one of the oldest and most important means of expression developed by man. People during the prehistoric times used painting, drawing and sculpture to convey concepts and ideas, and share experiences.
It concerns itself with the communication of certain ideas and feelings by means of sensuous medium – color, sound, bronze, marble, words, and film, which are fashioned into symbolic language marked by beauty of design and coherence of form. It appeals to the mind, arouses the emotion, kindles the imagination and enhances the senses.
Art can be found in all ages and all countries.
Because art is a form of expression of man, it is natural to find forms of art in different countries and different periods of time. This is perhaps the reason of art historian in classifying art based on historical periods like prehistoric art, classic art, renaissance art, etc., and based on geography such as African art, Chinese Art, Egyptian art, etc.
Art does not grow old and die
It lives because it is liked and enjoyed.
Art involves experience
Artists has to have an experience that he/she needs to put in making an art. His/Her skill and ideas are part of this experience. On the other hand, observer/interpreter needs a kind of experience and enters into a kind of experience to understand and appreciate the art.
Art is a product of man’s needs to express himself
Expressing oneself is a need of man, and art-making is one way, and perhaps the best way of doing it. Artists paint or compose music to express love, anger or frustration. Dancers dance to express happiness or sadness. Authors write to show protest, support of the status quo, or even to express fear and anxiety.
Art is interdisciplinary
Various disciplines are interwoven in art. A certain painting can teach not only about colors, line, texture, etc. but also about history, culture, religion.
Art is universal but has no universal meaning
It transcends cultural boundaries, yet its interpretation varies based on individual perspectivesand experiences.
Art is a means of union among all men, a means of communication.
According to Leo Tolstoy, a well-known Russian novelist, art is ______________
Art as Vision
Beneditto Croce, an Italian philosopher thinks of art as this. In doing artwork, he believes that an artist creates a picture of phantasm.
Art is the direct opposite of practical.
This is believed by St. Thomas Aquinas. He said that “the artist may be immoral, and yet his work may be good.”
Art is the right reason for making things
This is thought by Aristotle. He also believes that “art has no other end but itself, and that all arts are patterned on nature.
Art as experience
According to John Dewey: …..the refined and intensified forms of experience are works of art.
Art is an act, an idea or a product that changes an existing domain, or that transforms an existing domain into a new one.
A creative force that reshapes or transforms existing domains into something new and impactful.
Imitationism / Imitationalism (Mimetic Theory)
This theory asserts that art is the imitation of the appearance of reality.
According to Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, all artistic creation is a form of imitation; a representation of nature.
Representationalism
It is a theory which stresses that art is a copy, an image, an appearance or a reproduction of things, people, objects, nature and events. It sees art as portraying the visible forms of nature. The particularity of individual objects, scenes or persons may be emphasized, or the generic, the common, the essential.
Examples of these art are the figurative art, which can be realistic and detailed like the trompe l’oile or the semi-abstract art which contains forms but the representations are still noticeable.
Three ways of representing nature based on Representationalism
Physical Alteration
Selective Modification
Perceptual Interpretation
Physical Alteration
It is the process of changing the physical appearance of nature, like a natural marble that turn into a sculpture by carving and cutting.
Selective Modification
It is the process of enhancing the appearance of nature, like a forest that becomes a garden by arranging and trimming the plants, or a woman beautifying herself by putting cosmetics on her face.
Perceptual Interpretation
It is the process of copying nature according to the subjective interpretation of the artist, but the resulting image is still recognizable.
Formalism
This theory views that art is the combination of perceptual elements. These elements, like line, shapes, value, texture and colors, seen together by the spectator, make up the form, and such form is the art.
Example of this is the non-figurative art which does not contain any representations. It has to be seen only as formal patterns and designs, like the arabesque in Islamic art and the works of the suprematists.
Expressionism
In this theory, art is viewed as the expression of the artist’s emotion. Often, expressionist artists use very bold color or lines to actually exemplify the physical energy they were feeling when they made the work.
Action Theory
It is a theory which asserts that art is the activity or work performed by the artists in the process of producing the art.
Jackson Pollock
An American painter (1912-1956) put into practice the Action Theory of Art.
Jose Joya
The famous action painter in the Philippines in 1931-1995
Institutional Theory
This theory stresses that art is the integration of objects within the artworld. It is also called the Theory of the Artworld.
Artworld
It is a social institution composed of people who have been recognized to have influence and power over the production, exhibition, dissemination, and consumption of art.
Key Players in the Artworld
Artists, art critics, art historians/educators, art patrons/curators, art museums/galleries, schools/clubs, art awards, recognitions/popularity, art journals, TV/newspapers
Criteria for Recognizing an Artist
Has skill and talent, studied in art school, has a degree in fine arts, member of art organizations, won awards/prizes/awards, has artworks exhibited in museums/galleries, mentioned in books/media/art history, become well-known, revolutionized art
Visual Arts
This arts are perceived with eyes. These may be classified into two groups: graphic and plastic arts.
Graphic Arts
It include artistic representation recorded on a flat or two-dimensional surface such as painting, drawing, photography, etc.
Painting
It is the process of applying pigments to a surface. Its mediums include oil, watercolor, tempera, and others. Canvas, wood, paper, and plaster are some of the surfaces on which these are executed.
Drawing
It is the art of representing something by lines made on a surface or the process of portraying an object, scene, or forms of decorative or symbolic meaning through lines, shading, and textures in one or more colors. Mediums used include pencil, pen and ink, crayon, brush, and charcoal.
Printing
It is a process for making multi-reproduction of graphic works.
It involves the preparation of a master image of the drawing or design on some durable material such as wood, metal, or stone, from which printing is done. It may be classified by the nature of the surface from which it is done.
Relief printing
It is the process whereby unwanted portions of design are cut away on the master image.
The printed image is formed by the remaining surfaces. Examples of this are linoleum cuts, woodcuts, and wood engravings.
Intaglio printing
It is a method of printing from a plate on which incised lines, which carry the ink, leave a raised impression.
Dry point
This involves drawing directly on a metal plate with a sharp needle and scratches lines, or groove, into the metal.
Ink is rubbed into the grooves and the unscratched surface is wiped clean. In printing, the ink in the grooves is transferred to paper.
Etching
It is the art or process of producing drawings or designs on metal plates covered with wax.
The needle penetrates was into the surface of the plate. The plate is then dipped in acid, which eats the lines into the metal. For printing, etched (bitten) lines are filled with ink which is transferred to the paper.
Engraving
It is done on a metal plate with a cutting tool called a barin, which leaves a V-shaped trough. Drawings or designs on the plate are entirely composed of lines and/or dots.
Surface printing
It includes all processes in which printing is done from a flat (plane) surface.
Lithiography
It is the art or process of printing from a flat stone or metal plate by a method based on the repulsion between grease and water.
The design is put on the surface. The surface is then treated so that ink adheres only to areas where drawing has been done; ink is then transferred to the paper in printing.
Silkscreen
This includes the process of stretching silk over a rectangular frame and unwanted portions in the design are blocked out.
Pigment is forced through the clear areas. For multi-color prints, a separate screen is used for each color.
Photography
It is a chemical-mechanical process by which images are produced on sensitized surfaces by action of light. Reproductions may be in black or white or in full colors of the original.
Plastic Arts
These include all fields of the visual arts in which materials are organized into three-dimensional forms.
These include architecture, landscape architecture, city planning, interior design, sculpture, crafts, industrial design, dress and costume design, and theater design.
Performing/Combined Arts
These are art forms in which artists use their body or voice to convey artistic expression. It includes music, dance, opera, drama or play.
Music
It is the art of combining and regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions, expressing various ideas and emotions.
Its primary function is to entertain. It bases its appeal on the sensuous beauty of musical sounds. Musical compositions may be classified into vocal music, instrumental music and music combined with other arts (opera, oratorio, cantata, ballet, music for motion pictures),
Dance
It is another form of art that is common to man even during the earliest times. It is the most direct of the arts for it makes use of the human body as its medium.
It springs from man’s love for expressive gestures, his release of tension through rhythmic movement. Its type includes ethnologic, social or ballroom, ballet, modern, musical comedy.
Drama
It is another of the important arts. Going to a play is a wonderful experience. The play may be a comedy, tragedy, mystery, musical or melodrama. The spectators get involved in these situations and thus gain greater insight into human motives and passions.
Play
This itself is a form of literature.
Scenery and costumes provide the visual arts, and music may serve as a background to set the mood or to serve as part of the plot.
Opera
It is a drama set to music.
Thus, it is a form of the theater. In many musical shows, dancers are also important performers. The theater therefore, combines several of the arts.
Motion Picture
It is a popular addition to the various forms of the theater. Through it, a great number of people are able to see dramatic performances every day.
Function
It is the practical usefulness of arts.
Classification of Arts according to Function
Functional and Non-Functional
Functional
It has direct/physical use/obvious purpose
Ex. Architecture, some sculpture, weaving, etc.
Non-Functional
It has no direct/physical use
Ex. Paintings, some Sculptures, Literature, Music, Theater, Cinema
The Personal Function
• Art helps express one’s self.
• Art helps release tensions.
• Art soothes the heart
• Art makes us sensitive and responsive.
• Art educates our senses and sharpens our perceptions of colors, forms, texture, designs, sounds, rhythms and harmonies in our environment.
• Art makes us aware of the beautiful things in life.
• Art makes our life exciting.
• Art makes us aware of other people’s feelings and thinking.
• Art helps us gain understanding of ourselves and others.
• Art helps us improve our lives.
Kinds of the Social Function
Influence people’s behavior
Seen or Used in Public situation / Display Celebration
Social Description
Influence people’s behavior
• Art influences the way we feel, think or act – causes us to laugh, raise our voice, to get angry, etc.
• Art helps change or improve human conditions.
• Art helps express humanitarian concerns, ideological or political ideas.
• Art can be means to show protest against man’s inhumanity.
• Art helps change manners.
• Art helps enlighten our spiritual beliefs.
• Art helps elevate our morality.
Seen or Used in Public situation / Display Celebration
• Art helps commemorate important passages in society.
• Art promotes social activities or rituals.
• Art is used to celebrate important phases of life.
Social Description
• Art describes aspects of existence at certain periods.
• Art reflects the feelings, struggles and achievements of people.
• Art provides information about situations in the past.
Physical Function
Art has this function if it is designed to accomplish its function to make our lives physically comfortable, or if it is formed exactly right for its particular use.
This may mean that the form of this art follows its function, or the function of this art determines its form.
It differs from an ordinary functional object because it pleases the eyes of the user through the harmonious arrangement of its formal elements.
Artist
Painters, sculptors, photographers, cinematographers give visual images that can be preserved for historical reference.
They gave people today the idea on what people, places or things from the past looked like.
The old-aged concept of an Artist fulfills the following functions:
Artists Records
Artists give tangible form to the Unknown
Artists give tangible from to feelings
Artists offer an innovative way of seeing
Artists Records
Painters, sculptors, photographers, cinematographers give visual images that can be preserved for historical reference.
They gave people today the idea on what people, places or things from the past looked like.
Artists give tangible from to Feelings
The feelings usually expressed by artists are those feelings shared by many people—love, hate, anger, fear, despair, etc., which allow communication amongst people who have felt the same thing.
Artists offer and innovative way of seeing
Artists introduce new ideas, techniques and even styles on seeing things.
Their creativeness and influence capacitate observers to see artworks in a new light.
Artisan
It is a craftsman who produces directly functional and/or decorative arts. A craftsman helps us in meeting our basic needs. A craftsman makes things that make our life easy, comfortable and convenient.
Artist and Artisan
They both develop works of art, address different needs of man, works are both valued and noticed.
Both require skills and technical competence, serve society in different ways, and help preserve our culture.
Gawad ng Manlilikha ng Bayan
Also known as GAMABA or the National Living Treasures Award is conferred on Filipinos who are at the forefront of the practice, preservation and promotion of the nation’s traditional folk arts.
Institutionalization of GAMABA
Institutionalized 1992 through Republic Act No. 7355, the Manlilikha ng Bayan Act
GAMABA
The National Commission for Culture and the Arts oversees its implementation
First awarded in 1993 to three outstanding artists in music and poetry, the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan has its roots in the 1988 National Folk Artists Award organized by the Rotary Club of Makati-Ayala.
As a group, these folk and traditional artists reflect the diverse heritage and cultural traditions that transcend their beginnings to become part of our national character.
GAMABA Awardees
Lang Dulay
Teofilo Garcia
Magdalena Gamayo
Samaon Sulaiman
Eduardo Mutuc
Lang Dulay
She was a textile weaver (T’nalak) from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato. She was awarded in 1998. She died in 2015.
Teofilo Garcia
He is a hat weaver from San Quintin, Abra. He is known for his kattukong, which can last up to three to four generations if taken care of properly. He received the award in 2012.
Magdalena Gamayo
She is a textile weaver from Pinili, Ilocos Norte. She was awarded the Gawad Manlilikha ng Bayan Award in 2012.
Samaon Sulaiman
He was a musician, particularly a kutyapi player from Mamasapano, Maguindanao. He received the GAMABA Award in 1993. He died in 2011.
Eduardo Mutuc
He is a metal smith/metal sculptor from Apalit, Pampanga. He was awarded in 2004.
Subject
It is a term used for whatever is represented in a work of art.
It refers to any identifiable object, individual, thing, place or event illustrated in a work of art. It answers the question “what is it?”
Anything could be used as a ________ of art but is not limited only to physical objects.
It could be derived from imagination, dreams and other experiences.
Objective or Representational Art
It is what you call when an art has a Subject
Non-objective or Non-representational Art
It is what you call when an art has NO Subject
Content
It answers "what is it about?"
It tries to analyze the meaning of an artwork. Meanings could be Factual, Conventional, and Subjective.
Factual Meaning
It analyzes an artwork solely on what is presented and seen.
It is the literal statement or the narrative content in the work which can be directly apprehended because the objects presented are easily recognized.
Conventional Meaning
It centers on what is already an accepted meaning: a custom or standard.
It also refers to the special meaning that a certain object or color has to a particular culture or group of people.
Subjective Meaning
It comes from the viewer of the art: what the artwork implies; the emotions transmitted and received by the viewer; or a story that an artwork might narrate to the viewer.
In addition, it is any personal meaning, consciously or unconsciously conveyed by the artist using a private symbolism of certain objects, actions or colors with past experiences.
Kinds and Sources of Subjects
These subjects could be seen in many of the different kinds of art – visual, auditory, performing, or combined arts.
Landscape, Seascape, Cityscape (Nature)
These are subjects of paintings derived from nature, which is a very rich source of art subjects.
Landscapes
These are land formations, with or without people or animals.
Examples of these are paintings of mountains, volcanoes, fields, parks, gardens, etc.
Seascapes
These are water forms, with or without people or animals.
This subject includes seas, lakes, rivers, streams and other water formations whether natural or artificial.
Cityscapes
These are scenes in the cities such as tall buildings, or highways.
Animals
This is a subject used in many art forms.
It is oftentimes represented to show its importance or use to people or used as a symbol.
This, as a subject of art may be derived from nature, legend or mythology and folklore.
Portrait
It can be any representation of a person whether it be a sculpture, a painting or photography, in which the face is the main theme.
It usually depicts the sitter's head-and-shoulders, half-length, or full-body.
In most cases, it is made to portray the character and unique attributes of the subject.
In the ancient days, portraitures were designed to decorate public areas and reflect the morals and religious values of the day.
Varieties of Portrait
Portrait of an Individual
Group Portrait
Self Portrait
Human Figure
It focuses on the human body, nude or clothed, while emphasis is given on grace and proportion of the human form.
Ex. the tinker / the thinking man
Bust
It is a sculpted or cast representation of a person's head, neck, and sometimes shoulders and chest.
Unlike a full-body statue, it focuses on the subject's facial features and expression.
It is typically made from materials like marble, bronze, or clay and is often used to commemorate historical figures, leaders, or influential individuals.
Everyday Life
Also known as genre.
It is a representation of people going about their usual ways, performing their usual tasks. Artists have always had a keen eye on the things and occurrences on their surroundings. For this reason, they made depictions of people engaged in everyday activities. It depicts various observations on mundane tasks, daily struggles, and an assortment of emotional and life concerns.
Characters and scenes/events from Legends.
This kind of subject is derived from imaginary accounts. These stories are used in art forms to convey and impart values attached to these stories.
Mythological and Religious characters, scenes/events (Mythology and Religion).
Faith, beliefs, religious icons, gods and goddesses, all these are utilized as subjects of art. It could be used to show beliefs and practices of religious organizations or practices that have been handed down from generation to generation.
