History: Year end assessment

Industrial Revolution

A period where goods transitioned from human power to machinery, resulting in social and economic changes through technology and warfare.

Turning point

A specific time at which a decisive change occurs, having short and long-term consequences.

Revolution

The forceful overthrow of a government in favor of a new system.

Imperialism

The belief that one's country is superior and should control the world, requiring an empire for power and raw materials.

Conspiracy

A secret plan by a group of people to engage in harmful or illegal activities.

Rivalry

The competition between countries to be the best, often resulting from jealousy.

Guomindang (GMD)

The Chinese nationalist party established by Sun Yatsen.

Communism

A political idea proposed by Karl Marx aiming for a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person contributes according to their abilities and needs.

Artillery

Large caliber guns used in land warfare to bombard enemy positions or troops from a distance.

Soviet Union

The Russian communist state known as the USSR, existing from 1922 to 1991.

Dynasty

When one family rules a country for an extended period of time.

Unequal treaties

Series of treaties forced upon China that conceded control and privileges to foreign powers.

Manchus

Members of the native people of Manchuria who conquered China in 1644, ruling during the Qing dynasty.

Boxers

Members of a secret society called 'Righteous and Harmonious Fists'.

Wuchang Rebellion

The uprising in 1911 that ended the Manchu dynasty.

Yuan Shikai

The president of China in 1912 after the Wuchang Rebellion.

Sun Yatsen

The leader of the Guomindang and proponent of modern ideas and the republican movement in China.

Long March

A significant military retreat by the Communists led by Mao Zedong during the Chinese Civil War.

Great Leap Forward

A campaign initiated by the Chinese Communist Party in 1958 aimed at rapidly transforming the country into a socialist society.

Puyi

The last emperor of China.

May Fourth Movement

A movement aiming to rid China of old-fashioned ideas and promote modern concepts of freedom, equal rights, and scientific progress.

Three Principles of the People

National freedom, democratic government, and people's livelihood promoted by the Guomindang.

Jiangxi Soviet

A base established by the Chinese Communist Party for implementing land reforms.

Taiping Uprising

A major rebellion against the Qing dynasty causing significant loss of life and weakening the government.

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreigner uprising in China that demonstrated the Qing's vulnerabilities.