Core Biology A Finals

Abiotic

Abiotic

Non living things

Biotic

Living things

Ecosystem

All non living and living things in the same area

Biome

Large regions with similar abiotic and biotic factors

Community

All populations living in the same area

Population

A group of individuals, same species and same area

Organism

An individual living thing

Biosphere

All life on Earth including parts of Earth where life exists

Producers

Autotrophs, organisms that produce food for themselves and other organisms

Consumers

Heterotrophs, organism that cannot produce its own food and must eat other plants and/or animals to get energy

Food chain

a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member

Food web

a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains

Ecological pyramid

A graphical representation of the energy found within the trophic levels of an ecosystem, goes producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and third level consumers

Denitrification

The microbial process of reducing nitrate and nitrite to gaseous forms of nitrogen

Herbivores

An organism that mostly feeds on plants

Carnivores

An organism that mostly feeds on animals/meat

Omnivores

An organism that feeds on both plants and animals

Decomposers

An organism that breaks down dead organic material

Detritivores

An organism that feeds on dead organic material/obtains nutrients by consuming detritus

Trophic level

A level or a position in a food chain, a food web, or an ecological pyramid

Nitrogen fixation

A chemical process that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is absorbed by organisms/how nitrogen gets out of air into living things

Primary consumer

Those who obtain their nutrients and energy by feeding on the producers, make up the second trophic level

Secondary consumer

Largely carnivores that feed on the primary consumers or herbivores

Tertiary/third level consumer

Those that eats the secondary consumers, top of the trophic level

Biomagnification

The increase in the buildup of toxins within substances that happens at each stage of the food chain

Biodiversity

The diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat

Habitat

The type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs

Niche

The role an organism plays in a community

Tolerance

Ability of an organism to endure unfavorable environmental conditions

Resource

A substance or object in the environment required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Comptetition

A relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place

Competitive exclusion principle

Two species can't coexist if they occupy exactly the same niche

Predation

One organism kills and consumes another

Herbivory

The consumption of plant material by animals

Keystone species

An organism that helps hold the system together

Symbiosis

Any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms, such as mutualism, commensalism, or parasitism

Mutualism

Association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits

Parasitism

The relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it

Commensalism

The relation between two different kinds of organisms when one receives benefits from the other without damaging it

Immigration

The body of immigrants arriving during a specified interval

Emigration

Migration from a place

Birth rate

The ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area

Death rate

The ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area

Exponential growth

J

Logistic growth

S

Carrying capacity

The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment, given the food, habitat, water, and other resources available

Limiting factor

Anything that constrains a population's size and slows or stops it from growing

Density-dependent limiting factor

Disease, competition, and predation

Density-independent limiting factor

Any force that affects the size of a population of living things regardless of the density of the population

Overcrowding

The condition where more people are located within a given space than is considered tolerable from a safety and health perspective

Introduced species

Any nonnative species that significantly modifies or disrupts the ecosystems it colonizes

Population density

The concentration of individuals within a species in a specific geographic locale

Aerobic respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates, DOES use oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

The process of creating energy without the presence of oxygen, DOES NOT use oxygen

Cellular respiration

The process by which food, in the form of sugar (glucose), is transformed into energy within cells

Lactic acid fermentation

The conversion of pyruvic acid that forms as a result of glycolysis into Lactic acid

Alcoholic (ethyl alcohol) fermentation

A biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide

ATP

The source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

Glucose

A type of sugar; the chief source of energy for living organisms

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar

Chlorophyll

A pigment that gives plants their green color

Chloroplast

A cell organelle that produces energy through photosynthesis

Transpiration

Parts of the water cycle involving evaporation from plants/process of elimination of excess water from the plant body

Eutrophication

Excessive nutrients

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

To convert energy into a form the cell can use

What are PRODUCTS of cellular respiration?

Water, carbon dioxide, ATP

What are REACTANTS in cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen

Which of the following correctly describes cellular respiration?

Glucose and oxygen are used to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water

Why do cells need oxygen?

Without oxygen, cells couldn't produce enough ATP

Which of the following describe ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Produces ATP, removes electrons from electron carrier molecules, takes place in the mitochondria, produces water

Which of the following describe KREB'S CYCLE

Produces ATP, adds electrons to electron carrier molecules, takes place in the mitochondria, produces carbon dioxide

Which of the following describe GLYCOLYSIS

Produces ATP, adds electrons to electron carrier molecules, takes place in the cytosol, converts glucose to a different molecule, is anaerobic

Energy is released from ATP when

The third phosphate group is removed

ADP is converted to ATP using energy from

Food