Antibiotics, Antivirals, Antifungals, NSAIDs, and Gout Medications

Flashcards based on lecture notes about antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, NSAIDs, and gout medications.

Viral Infections

Antibiotics are generally not helpful for these types of infections.

Culture and Sensitivity

The areas of suspected infection should be cultured to identify the causative organism and potential antibiotic susceptibilities

Cultures

These should be obtained from appropriate sites BEFORE beginning antibiotic therapy.

Renal and Liver

Assess these two functions, along with cardiac function, before beginning antibiotic therapy.

Antibiotic Resistance

Patients should take antibiotics exactly as prescribed and for the length of time prescribed to avoid this.

Superinfection

Fever, perineal itching, cough, lethargy, or any unusual discharge are signs and symptoms of this.

Allergic Reaction

Airway/breathing issues, urticaria/rashes, and pruritus/itching are signs of this.

Adverse Effects

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are the most common of these related to antibiotics.

Therapeutic Effects

Improvement of signs and symptoms of infection, return to normal vital signs, and negative culture and sensitivity tests all indicate this.

Sulfonamides

This class of antibiotics works by interfering with the synthesis of folic acid in bacteria.

Stop from Reproducing

Sulfonamides are bacteriostatic, meaning they do this to bacteria.

Bactrim (Trimethoprim – Sulfamethoxazole)

Commonly used sulfonamide drug; Monitor for sulfa allergy with use.

Protein

Sulfonamides are highly bound to this, requiring caution if taken with warfarin, NSAIDs, and sulfonylureas.

2000 to 3000 mL

Take sulfonamides with this much fluid per day.

Crystalluria

Sulfonamides may cause this condition due to crystal formation in the urine; increase fluids to prevent.

Red Blood Cell Count

Assess this blood cell count before beginning sulfonamide therapy.

Normal cell wall synthesis

Beta Lactams MOA: Disrupts this process of cell wall synthesis.

Cell Death

This is the result when bacteria cells die from cell lysis.

Augmentin (Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid)

A common Penicillin antibiotic combined with clavulanic acid.

Adverse Effects

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are common of these of Penicillins.

Allergic Reaction

Monitor patients taking penicillin for this type of reaction for at least 30 minutes after administration.

Acidic Fluids/Juices

These fluids may nullify the drug’s antibacterial action, so avoid when taking oral penicillins.

Ceph/Cef

Generic names for Cephalosporins that typically start with this prefix.

Peptidoglycan

Cephalosporins MOA: Inhibits this substance interfering with bacterial wall synthesis

Broad Spectrum

Bactericidal action and this bacterial spectrum are characteristics of Cephalosporins.

Gram-Positive

First generation cephalosporins have good coverage against this type of bacteria.

Cephalexin (Keflex)

Example of a first generation cephalosporin.

Gram-positive and better gram-negative

Second generation cephalosporins have coverage against these types of bacteria

Cefoxitin (Mefoxin)

Example of a second generation cephalosporin.

Gram-Negative

Third generation cephalosporins are most potent against this type of bacteria.

Ceftriaxone (Rocephin)

Example of a third generation cephalosporin.

Cross-Sensitivity

Potential exists with penicillins if allergies exist when taking Cephalosporins.

Alcohol

Avoid taking cephalosporins with this substance due to a potential disulfiram-like reaction.

Protein Synthesis

Macrolides MOA: Prevent this essential process within bacterial cells.

Macrolides

Strep infections and upper/lower respiratory tract infections are commonly treated with this antibiotic class.

Azithromycin (Zithromax)

Monitor for palpitations/chest pain when administering this common macrolide.

Fidaxomicin (Dificid, Dificlir)

Macrolide used for Clostridium Difficile (C. diff).

Ototoxicity

Monitor and report for manifestations of this, such as tinnitus, dizziness, and vertigo, with Macrolides.

30s bacterial ribosome

Tetracyclines MOA: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to this.

Calcium

This is a major caution with Tetracyclines, causing discoloration of teeth in children and fetuses.

Dairy products, antacids, and iron salts

Avoid these products when taking Tetracyclines due to chelation and drug-binding.

Sunlight and Tanning Beds

Avoid this when taking Tetracyclines due to photosensitivity.

Protein Synthesis

Aminoglycosides MOA: Prevent this process, resulting in a bactericidal effect.

Gram-Negative

Aminoglycosides kill mostly this type of bacteria; used for Pseudomonas, E. coli, Klebsiella, etc.

Aminoglycosides

*Nephrotoxicity and *Ototoxicity are major toxicities to monitor when administering this class of drug.

Trough Levels and Serum Creatinine

Must monitor these types of drug levels to prevent toxicities with Aminoglycosides.

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones MOA

Bactericidal; alter DNA of bacteria, causing death

Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones

Respiratory, bone/joint, GI, and skin infections are commonly treated with this antibiotic class.

Increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture

Black box warning for Quinolones/fluoroquinolones.