PE Studies Year 11 Exam Revision

The skeletal system serves 5 major functions, name them

Support, protection, red blood cell production, storage, movement

What are the 2 main sections in the skeletal system

Axial, appendicular

what are the 5 structures of the skeletal sytem

cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bone and joints

what is cartilage

a flexible connective tissue that is thick and slippery coating the ends of bones where they meet to form a joint

what are tendons

they are a tough band of fibrous and conntect muscle to bone

what are ligaments

cord of fibrous tissue that connects bones

what are the 4 main bones

long, short, flat, irregular

2 main functions of joints

holds bones together firmly and gives the human skeleton the ability to move

What are the 5 major functions for the muscualr system

Causing movement, stability and posture, circulation, digestion, generate warmth

What are joints

Where bone meets bone, and are formed and protected by ligaments

What is agonnist and antagonist

Muscles generating the movement are the AGONIST (prime mover), the muscle relaxing is the ANTAGONIST.

what are the three muscle characteristics

contractile, extensibilty, elasticity

what are the two muscle fibres

slow twitch and fast twitch

what are red-slow twitch fibres

they have a relatively slow contraction speed with mainly aerobic energy and have low force production

what are white-fast twitch fibres

they have a rapid contraction with anearobic production and have a high force production

what is the speed of contraction

red contract much slower than white

what is muscle fibre force

white are larger than red, generate much greater force and powerful contractions

what is muscle endurance

red contract slower than white and can continue for a much longer period of time

What are the three main componants of the circulatory system

Heart, blood and blood vessles

What are the three blood vessles

arteries, veins, cappilaries

What are arteries

carry blood away from the heart and have thick, muscular and elastic walls with no valves and high blood pressure

What are veins

carry blood towards the heart and have thin inelastic walls often with valves and low blood pressure

What are capillaries

1cm thick walls to allow for the exchange of gases

What arw the 4 elements of blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

what is the function of plasma

to transfer red and white blood cells, platelets and nutrients to every part of the body

what is the function of red blood cells

to transport haemogoblin and transport oxygen

what is the function of white blood cells

helps to defend the body from infections

what is the function of platelets

produced in bone marrow and are necassary for normal blood clotting

what is blood pressure

it is the force exerted by the blood against the artery walls as it is pumoed around the body

what is systolic

when the heart contracts there is a surge of blood

what is diastolic

when the heart is at rest between beats

what is stroke volume

volume of blood per beat

what is cardiac output

total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

what are the 6 componants of the respiratory system

pharynx, larynx, tranchea, bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli

what is the process of how we breathe

there is a dome shaped muscle at the bottom of your lungs called the diaphram and when you breathe in your diaphram contracts/flattens and when you breathe out the diaphram expands reducing space forcing the air out, the air moves form high pressure to low pressure

what is gaseous exchange

Gas exchange refers to the passing of Oxygen from the alveoli into the blood flow and the excess Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

what is respiration rate

number of breaths per minute

what is tidal volume

voume of air that enters and leaves the lungs during each breath

what is pulmonary ventilation

amount of air passing into anf out of the lungs per minute, tidal volume x respiration rate

what are 4 of the short-term effects of exercise

increase in heart rate, increase in blood pressure, increase in oxygen, increase in body temperature

what are 4 of the long-term effects of exercise

increased stroke volume, decreased resting heart rate, decrease in body fat, increased size of heart

what are the three energy systems

ATP-PC system, lactic acid system, aerobic energy system

what are the ATP-PC functions

no oxygen is required, speed of energy is very fast, fuel source is creatine phosphate, the duration is 0-10 seconds and its a power based activity

what are the lactic acid functions

no oxygen is required, speed of energy is fast, fuel source is carbohydrates, the duration is up to 2min and its a sprint endurance activity

what are the aerobic energy functions

provides energy for long-duration, low- to moderate-intensity activities by using oxygen to break down carbohydrates and fats efficiently, while also supporting recovery by replenishing energy stores after exercise.

what are the fuctions of food

provides energy to fuel the body, growth and repair of tissue, provide energy for metabolic function

what are the 6 food providers

proteins, CHO, fats, vitimins, minerals, water

what is fitness

the capability of the heart, blood vessels, lungs and muscles to function at optimal efficiency

what are the two componants of fitness

health related, performance related

what are the 6 health related componants

cardioresiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, felxibility, body composition

what are the 6 performance related componants

power, speed, ahilty, reaction time, cooridnation, balance

what are the 6 general types of training methods

interval, continuous, fartlek, plyomertics, resistance, circuit

what is interval training

a series of repeated short bursts of exercise

what is continuous training

sustained activity for a period of time over 20min

what is fartlek training

form of continuous training involving regular change of pace

what is resistance training

involves performing a series of exercising against a resistance provided

what is circuit training

series of activity stations that are arranged in an order

what is plyometrics training

specialised form of power training

what are the 8 principles of training

specificity, intensity, duration, frequency, progressive overload, methods of overload, revesabilty, indivdual difference

what is specificity

training of specific energy systems

what is intensity

amount of effort appplied in a training session or activity

what is duration

length of time required to improve in a training program

what is frequency

how often one trains per week

what is progressive overload

a gradual increase in workload by an athlete

what are 3 methods of overload

increase intensity, increase frequency, increase duration

what is reversabilty

loss of physiological performance, getting set back

what are individual differences

the difference in resposnes towards certain training types

what is biomechanics

laws of mechanics and physics to human perfromance, in order to gain greater understanding of performance

what is linear motion

refers to when a body moves and all the parts of the body travel exactly the same distance, in the same direction and in the same time

what is distance

the path of the body from point a-b

displacement is what

measuring the length of the straight line joining a body's start and finish positions

what is speed

the rate at which a body moves from point a-b

what is velocity

it is speed in a given direction

what is acceleration

rate at which the velocity of a body changes in a given time

what is inertia

it is the degree at which making a stationary object move or a moving object stop, the heavier the object the more force it takes to make it move and the lighter the object the less force it would take to move

what is mass

the quantity of matter making up a body, this relates directly to the amount of inertia posesses

what is force

the action which causes the change of movement

what is linear momemtum

the quantity of motion an object (or athlete) has in a straight line.

what is angular motion

when all body parts travel through the same angle, in the same direction, in the same time

what are the three different types of axis in linear motion

medial axis, longitudinal axis, horizontal axis

what is general motion

combination of linear motion and angular motion

what is motion of projectiles

involves the flight of a body through the air

what is a trajectory

this is the path that a projectile follows though the air

what is horizontal motion

the horizontal distance a body travels while in the air is known as the range

what is horizontal velocity

parallel to the ground and so has no tendency to lift the body into the air

what is vertical motion

it is the vertical velocity given to a body at the instan of realease

what is trajectory up

the time it takes the projectile to reach the peak of its flight

what is trajectory down

time it takes to return from its peak to the point of landing

what are the three types of trajectory

high, parabola, flat

what is high trajectory provide one example

provides longer flight time, a gymnast to maximise the time avaliable in the air to complete a movement

what is parabola trajectory provide one example

to maximaise the horizontal distance that a projectile will travel, shot put thrower to acheive the greatest distance for each throw

what is flat trajectory provide one example

provides the shortest flight time, may be used in softball for the felider to throw the ball quicly to one of the bases

what is velocity of release

The velocity of the projectile at the instant of release will determine the height and length of the trajectory

what is vertical velocity

Determines the height of the apex (peak) of the trajectory

what is the angle of release

The angle at which an object is released determines the shape of the projectile's trajectory (flight path)

what is the hight of release

Is the difference between the height of the release position and the height of the landing position of the object

what is newtons 3 laws of motion

inertia, acceleration, action-reaction

what is inertia give one example

a body continues in it's state of rest or state of motion unless acted upon by a force, a golf ball will stay at rest untill a player hits it off the tee

what is acceleration give one example

the greater the force applied to an object the faster the acceleration will be, in soccer the harder you hit a soccer ball the further it will go

what is action-reaction give one example

in every action has an equal or oppisite eaction, when you dribble a basletball and hit the ball on the ground it will come back up from the ground