Anatomy and Physiology Unit 1 - 2 TERMS!!

Anatomy

Branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts.

Physiology

The study of body functions

Molecules

Particle composed of two or more joined atoms.

Macromolecule

Very large molecule, such as protein, starch, or nucleic acid.

Tissue

Assembled group of similar cells that perform a specialized function.

Organs

Structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function

Organ System

Groups of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized functions

Organism

An individual living thing

Metabolism

The combined chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy.

Homeostasis

Dynamic state in which the body’s internal environment is maintained within the normal range.

Receptors

Specialized cell or structure that provides info about the environment; also, cell surface molecule that binds other molecules, called ligands, thereby conveying a signal to inside the cell.

Effectors

A muscle or gland that effects change in the body.

Negative feedback

A mechanism that restores the level of biochemical or other conditions in the internal environment.

Positive Feedback

Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, providing unstable conditions.

Axial Portion of Body

Pertaining to the head, neck, and truck

Appendicular Portion of Body

Pertaining to the upper or lower limbs

Serous Membranes

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body.

• visceral layer: inner layer, which covers an organ

• parietal layer: outer layer, which lines walls of cavity

Pericardial Membranes

Pertaining to the pericardium

Peritoneal Membranes

Lines the wall of the abdomen-pelvic cavity

Integumentary

Pertaining to the skin and its accessory organs

Cardiovascular

Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

Bulk elements

Basic chemical required in abundance

Trace Elements

Basic chemical substance needed in small quantities.

Ultratrace Elements

Basic chemical substance needed in very small quantity

Isotopes

Atom that has the same number of protons in its nucleus, but has a different number of neutrons.

Ions

Electrically charged atom or molecule

Cations

Atom or molecule carrying a net positive charge due to a deficiency of electrons.

• formed when an atom loses electrons

Anions

Atoms or molecule carrying a net negative charge due to one or more extra electrons.

• formed when an atom gains electrons

Catalysts

Chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reactions, but is not permanently altered by the reaction.

Buffers

Substance that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base, and thus resist change in pH.

Molecule

protons, neutrons, electrons that make up cells

atom

tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)

molecule

particles consisting of atoms (water, glucose)

macromolecule

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, proteins)

Organelle

Functional part of cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)

Cell

basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)

Organism

composed of organ system interacting (human)

Water

most abundant substance in body

food

provides necessary nutrients; supplies energy; supplies raw materials for building living tissue

oxygen

used to release energy from nutrients.

heat

helps maintain body temperature

pressure

application of force on an object

homeostasis

maintenance of a stable internal environment

homeostatic mechanisms

self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed. 3 parts of the mechanisms:

• Receptor

• control center

• effector

control center

decision - maker that maintains the set point

cranial cavity

houses the brain

vertebral cavity(spinal cavity)

contains spinal cord

thoracic cavity

houses lungs and thoracic viscera

abdominopelvic cavity

contains abdominal and pelvic viscera

diaphragm

muscle that separates the thoracic anad abdominopelvic cavity

mediastinum

region between lungs in thoracic cavity.

Contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland

abdominal cavity

extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis;

contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys, small intestine, most of the large intestine.

Pelvic Cavity

enclosed by pelvic bones, and contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs.

Small cavities

• Oral cavities

• nasal cavity

• orbital cavities

• Middle ear cavities

integumentary system

protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of Vitamin D

Skeletal system

framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support and movement

Muscular System

movement, main source of body heat, maintenance of posture.

Nervous and Endocrine systems

integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones.

cardiovascular system

transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells and wastes

Lymphatic system

Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, body defense

Digestive system

receives food, breaks down food, excretes waste

Respiratory System

exchange of gases

Urinary System

removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte and water balance, blood pressure.

Reproductive System

male and female systems produce and transport sex cells. Female also provides fetal development and childbirth.

anatomical position

standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward.

superior

above

inferior

below

anterior or ventral

toward the front

posterior or dorsal

toward the back

medial

toward the midline

lateral

away from midline

bilateral

paired structures; on both sides

ipsilateral

same sidec

contralateral

opposite sides

proximal

close to point of attachment to truc

Distal

farther from point of attachment to trunk

superficial

close to body surface

deep

more internal

sagittal section

longitudinal cut that divides body into left and right portions

mid sagittal / median section

divides body into equal left and right portions

parasagittal section

sagittal section lateral to midline; divides body into unequal left and right portions

Transverse or Horizontal section

divides body into superior and inferior portions

Coronal or Frontal section

longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass.

• matter is composed of elements,

  • solids, liquids, and gas

elements

simplest types of matter with certain chemical propertiesa

atoms

smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element.

-composed of subatomic particles

proton

carries a single positive charge

neutron

carries no electrical charge (neutral)

electron

carries a single negative charge

Nucleus

-central part of atom

-composed of protons and neutrons

-electrons move around the nucleus

atomic nucleus

• number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element

• each element has a unique atomic number

  • number of protons is equal to the number or electrons in the atoms; atoms are electrically neutral

Atomic weight

• the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom

• electrons do not contribute to the weight of the atom

Isotopes

• atoms with the same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights

• isotopes contain different numbers of neutrons, but same number of protons and electrons

radioactive isotopes

unstable, releasing energy or atomic fragments (atomic radiation) until they gain stability; some are used to detect and treat disease

compound

particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

molecular formulas

depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule

chemical bonds

form when atoms combine with other atoms. They result from interactions between the electrons of the atoms.

ionic bonds

formed when electrons are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another

• the attraction between a cation and an anion forms a very strong bond between the ions

covalent bonds

strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that SHARE electrons.

structural formulas

show how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules.