Fundamentals of Science: Hypothesis to Chemistry

Hypothesis

A testable prediction about the outcome of an experiment.

Variables

Independent Variable: What you change. Dependent Variable: What you measure. Controlled Variables: What stays the same.

Data

Quantitative Data: Uses numbers. Qualitative Data: Uses descriptions.

Graphs

Line Graphs: Used for continuous data. Bar Graphs: Used for categorical data.

Multicellular

Made up of more than one cell.

Unicellular

Made up of one cell.

Skeletal System

Main Organs: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints. Functions: Support, Protection, Movement, Blood Cell Production.

Digestive System

Main Organs: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas. Functions: Breakdown of Food, Nutrient Absorption, Waste Elimination.

Circulatory System

Main Organs: Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood. Functions: Transport, Waste Removal, Temperature Regulation.

Arteries

Have thick walls to withstand high pressure and carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body.

Veins

Collect oxygen-poor blood from the body and carry it back to the heart.

Capillaries

Small blood vessels where nutrients, gases, and waste products are exchanged with cells.

Excretory System

Main Organs: Kidneys, bladder, ureters, urethra. Functions: Waste Filtration, Urine Production, Regulation.

Respiratory System

Main Organs: Nose, Mouth, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli, Diaphragm. Functions: Gas Exchange, Oxygen Intake, Carbon Dioxide Removal, Breathing Process.

Force

What is a Force? A push or pull on an object.

Friction

A force that opposes the motion between two surfaces in contact.

Gravity

A non-contact force that pulls objects toward each other.

Electrostatic Forces

A force between objects with electric charges.

Resultant Force

The overall force when all individual forces acting on an object are combined.

Elements

Pure substances that cannot be chemically broken down. Made of one type of atom.

Compounds

Substances formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements. Pure substances.

Chemical Change

A process where substances change into new substances with different properties. Usually irreversible.