Thoracic Physical Exam

diaphragm

larger side of the stethoscope which is used to hear HIGH frequency sounds

bell

smaller side of the stethoscope which is used to hear LOW frequency sounds

away from

When using a stethoscope, the ear pieces should face __________ (away from/toward) you

owner

When first coming into the exam room, you should interact with the _________________ (owner/dog) first

before

You should record respiratory rate __________ auscultation, ideally when the patient is sleeping or quiet/relaxed

jugular pulses

During your observation (“looking”), look for ____________ which are abnormal if higher than the bottom third of the neck when the head is above the heart

submandibular, prescapular, axillary

During palpation (“feeling”), what three lymph node areas should you feel for enlargements?

apex

During palpation (“feeling”), feel for the ______ beat which is the location you feel the heart beat against the chest wall

femoral, facial, coccygeal

During palpation (“feeling”), you should palpate the arterial pulse, ideally while simultaneously auscultating the heart beat

In small animals, palpate the arterial pulse at the ____________ artery

In horses, palpate the arterial pulse at the ____________ artery (vascular notch)

In cattle, palpate the arterial pulse at the ____________ artery

lung fields

During auscultation (“listening”), you should auscultate the __________. You need them to take a deep breath

rebreathing

What technique can be used to get horses to take a deep breath?

upper

Stridor (high-pitched, harsh breathing) or stertor (low-pitched, snoring) sounds are abnormal sounds of the ______________ airway

lower

Crackles and wheezes are abnormal sounds of the _____________ airway

rate, rhythm

During auscultation of the heart, you should listen to what two traits of the heart beat?

tricuspid

What valve are we listening for at the red dot?

pulmonic

What valve are we listening for at the yellow dot?

aortic

What valve are we listening for at the green dot?

mitral

What valve are we listening for at the blue dot?

costochondral junction

The ___________________ is a good landmark for the line dividing the base and apex of the heart

S1

The “LUB” sound that corresponds to the closing of the AV valves at the start of systole

S2

The “DUB” sound that corresponds to the closing of the semilunar valves at the end of systole

S3

The sound of early rapid ventricular filling during early diastole

S4

The sound of atrial contraction at the end of diastole

S1, S2

What heart sounds are normal in all species?

large animals

S3 and S4 heart sounds can be normal in ________________

auscultation

Heart rate should be taken by _________________ (pulse or auscultation)

tachycardia

Term for an abnormally fast heart rate

bradycardia

Term for an abnormally slow heart rate

relaxed

In animals that are ____________, the heart rhythm should be regular or slow irregular, either is considered normal

vagal (parasympathetic)

Arrhythmias can be heard in normal animals and are associated with high ________ tone which means the parasympathetic nervous system’s influence on the heart is predominating. This will go away with exercise

sinus arrhythmia

In dogs: an ECG/EKG has a normal p, QRS, and T wave with irregular spacing from one R peak to the next, but it follows a cyclical or repeating pattern

second degree AV block

A normal arrhythmia in horses in which the P wave is not followed by the QRS or T peaks