U3 Protestant Reformation Test - Bonanno

Causes of the Protestant Reformation

- people questioning the church
-the printing press spread ideas
-monarchs challenged the church/pope authority
-kings and queens were jealous of the church's wealth.
-merchants resented paying taxes
-corrupt and worldly church leaders
-many people found practices such as the same of indulgences unacceptable

When did the Protestant Reformation start?

October 31, 1517

simony

the sale of religious office to the highest bidder

absenteeism

members of the clergy who do not live in their parish

indulgence

payment to pardon sins and get to heaven

nepotism

giving family members jobs

What happens in Wittenburg?

Luther posts the 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenburg, which started the reformation

Council of Worms

1521, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated

Peasant revolt

1524, Peasants revolt in Germany - serfs want freedom (Luther does not support)

Pope Leo X

threatened to Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements

Peace of Augsburg

this treaty granted each prince the right to decide whether his subjects would be Catholic or Lutheran

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

-declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him
-also partakes in a religious war. He won but failed to bring Germany back to Catholic Church

What is Luther's belief about salvation?

Salvation by Faith Alone

Does Luther believe that good works lead to salvation?

No, good works do NOT get you to salvation

What did Luther consider the highest source of authority?

The Bible

What did Luther encourage people to do regarding the Bible?

People need to read the Bible for themselves

According to Luther, are ministers necessary for salvation?

No, ministers are not needed

Who leads the church according to Luther's beliefs?

Council of Elders

In what language did Luther believe prayers should be said?

German, not Latin

What two sacraments did Luther practice?

Baptism and Communion

What is Luther's stance on transubstantiation?

He does NOT believe in transubstantiation

Countries that became Lutheran

Holy Roman Empire, Norway, and Sweden

John Calvin

-French theologist
-believed in predestination and started the religion of Calvinism
-1541: Created a theocracy in Geneva Switzerland

Theocracy

government where the same people who control religion control the country - Harsh punishments for people who went against religion

Huegenots

-what Calvin's followers were called in FRANCE
-St. Bartholomews Day Massacre: religious violence over in Paris between Catholics and Huegenots

Presbyterians

calvinist in SCOTLAND

What is a key belief of Calvinism regarding salvation?

Salvation by faith alone

What doctrine in Calvinism suggests that God has already chosen who will be saved?

Predestination

In Calvinism, how is faith viewed?

Faith is a gift and you could be born with or without it

What did Calvinists believe about the Bible?

The Bible taught them all the rules

How often did Calvinists meet for church services?

5 times a week

What are the two sacraments recognized in Calvinism?

Baptism and Eucharist

What type of rules did Calvinism impose on its followers?

Harsh religious rules that were also laws

Countries that became Calvinist

Switzerland, Scotland, and Hungary

Predestination

God already determined before you were born if you would go to heaven or not, and there is nothing you can do to change it

Ulrich Zwingli

-Catholic priest in Zurich (Switzerland)
-Influenced by Christian Humanist ideas of Erasmus and Luther's reforms
-1520: Zwingli attacks the Catholic Church and destroyed icons (iconoclast)
-Started Anabaptist religion: no icons, and interpreted the bible literally as God's word

What did Anabaptists believe about sin?

Sin was everywhere, so to earn salvation, you had to stay away from the rest of the world and live in secluded communities.

What is the highest source of authority for Anabaptists?

The Bible.

How did Anabaptists strive to live their lives?

They lived a simple life exactly as it was led by people in the Bible.

What type of baptism did Anabaptists practice?

Baptism for adults.

Where did Anabaptists hold their religious practices?

In the home.

What did Anabaptists believe about religious imagery?

They did not use statues, paintings, or crucifixes that would distract from the Bible.

How many sacraments did Anabaptists recognize, and what were they?

Two sacraments: Baptism and Communion.

Goal of Henry VIII

to produce a male heir

Henry VIII's wives

1. Catherine of Aragon
2. Anne Boleyn
3. Jane Seymour
4. Anne of Cleves
5. Catherine Howard
6. Catherine Parr

Catherine of Aragon

Catholic from Spain, daughter is Mary Tudor, Henry wanted to divorce her

Anne Boleyn

promised Henry a son, but had a daughter Elizabeth I, suspected of adultery and beheaded

Jane Seymour

has a son, Edward, but dies a few weeks after childbirth

Anne of Cleves

-German princess - married for political reasons
-"The Ugly Wife" - Divorced after 6 months

Catherine Howard

only 17 years old when she married Henry, had an affair and was beheaded

Why does Henry Break away from the Catholic Church?

needs Annulment - this not only relates to his wife failing to produce a male heir but also for political reasons/strength

Act of Supremacy

dismisses the power of the Pope

Edward VI and his rule

-Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
-Becomes king at 9 yrs old in 1547
-Reigned for 6 yrs before his death
-Protestant (Anglican)
-Church services in English
-Book of Common prayer - England's only legal form of worship

Mary Tudor and her rule

-Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
-Mary takes the throne in 1553
-Catholic - brought power back to the Pope in England
-Married Philip II of Spain (Catholic)
-killed many protestants "Bloody Mary"
-Placed her sister Elizabeth under house arrest
-Dies in 1558

Elizabeth I and her rule

-Daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
-Takes throne in 1558 - known as the "Virgin Queen"
-Restored the Church of England (Anglicanism)

Elizabeth's rule:

ruled Via Media - Established compromise: a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants would both accept.

Act of Uniformity

made church attendance mandatory and kept some catholic traditions

Who did Elizabeth kill?

killed her Cousin Mary Queen of Scots (Catholic) in 1587 because of the babington plot

babington plot

-This enraged Catholics
-Philip II sent a Spanish armada to England in 1588 but a storm sank the Spanish fleet

Mary Queen of Scots

-Elizabeth's cousin
-Catholic
-plots assassination: killed for treason

Jesuits

-Established by Ignatius Loyola in 1540
-Founded schools, converted people to christianity (missionaries), and wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism

Ursulines

-All female order
-Focus was on Christian education of girls - crucial to rejuvenating the family and society

Carmelites

-St. Teresa of Avila addressed the needs of for reforms in the Carmelite order
-Stressed importance of personal prayer
-Demanded complete poverty and rejection of property

Council of Trent convened by Pope Paul III

assembled in 1543 by Pope Paul III

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent?

to reaffirm traditional Catholic doctrines while addressing church issues (simony, absenteeism, indulgences...)

Which corrupt practices were acknowledged/banned?

1. indulgences (weren't banned but priests were not allowed to claim that it secured a person a spot in heaven)
2. simony
3. absenteeism
4. nepotism
5. corruption within priests (not following their vows)

Which church doctrines were reaffirmed? (kept)

1. 7 sacraments
2. transubstantiation
3. faith AND good works for salvation
4. clerical celibacy
5. Maintaining art in Churches
6. Upholding the power of the papacy (pope)
Pope Paul IV: 1557 Index of prohibited books