ap euro mu3 nb10 thirty years war

thirty years was was from what year to what year

1618-1648

thirty years war was the most

destructive war until world war 1

thirty years was started out as a

religious battle between protestants and catholics

the thirty years war started when the

holy roman emperor ferdinand II tried to impose religious uniformity within HRE

hre ferdinand II trying to impose religious uniformity was a direct

violation of the peace of augsburg, protestant princes united against the emperor while receiving aid from england

united power of spain austria italy

hapsburg

hapsburg

spain austria italy

united power of these countries pushed princes to

spain, austria, italy, and poland, brink of defeat

protestants were saved by

intervention of protestant sweden who expanded their territorial holdings in northern europe at the expense of the hre

king of sweden

gustavus adolphus

gustavus adolphus

a brilliant military mind and used the combined force and support of different types of military units: a practice and tactic that initially overwhelmed enemy forces until later adopted by all sides

war started as an internal

hre dispute between catholics and protestants in 1618, but ended w almost all european nations involved

aid for protestants grew as

dutch, english, and russians joined and or sent aid

who sent aid for catholics

hungarians

after death of gustavus adolphus

stalemate ensued until the protestants received some very unexpected help in religious conflict

france joined

side of protestants despite being catholic

france took so long to join because

conflict w huguenots and trying to centralize taxes

france goal in joining war

not religious, focused on gaining political power and strength by helping to defeat hapsburg spain and the hre their main competitors

powerful states began to _ and give 2 examples

exploit religious conflicts for political gain, sweden and france entered conflict to gain political power and territory

entrance of semi centralized states of _ proved too much

sweden and france on the protestant side proved too much for the catholics

what happened in 1648

ambassadors from all participating nations were sent to Westphalia, Germany to negotiate the surrender of the Catholic side as Spain had gone bankrupt

westphalia was in

germany

who gained the most from this meeting, and what did they gain

sweden and france gained the most, taking land from catholic portions of holy roman empire and spain

netherlands were granted independence from spain in

1648

after peace of westphalia, german princes of _ could

German princes of the Holy Roman Empire could now choose any religion and were free of control of the Holy Roman Emperor

most significant impact of the war

the last religious war in Europe as conflicts now focused on a new concept: the balance of power

 From 1648 onward, states decided to do what

joined conflicts in order to prevent one state from becoming too strong/dominant in Europe, as Spain had been during the Early Modern Era

2nd impact of war

peace talks now involved members from all parties of conflict

3rd impact of war: conflict showed that once and for all

large, centralized states with large-scale taxation and standing armies were far superior to decentralized states

4th impact of war: spain and holy roman empire would

no longer be relevant powers in Europe

what happened with spain and holy roman empires power and give 2 examples

power they had left would be focused primarily at the Ottoman threat in Eastern and Southern Europe, such as during the Siege of Vienna in 1683 and continuous fighting in Hungary and the Balkans

siege of vienna was in what year and was what

1683, ottoman empire of 150,000 men besieged vienna, capitol of austrian hagsburg. hagsburg and poland worked together to beat