1/5
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
structure of water and hydrogen bonding
living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact
the subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding
the hydrogen bonds between water molecules result in cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
elements of life
the highly complex organization of living systems requires constant input of energy and the exchange of macromolecules
organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization
carbon is used to:
build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
it is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms
nitrogen is used to:
build proteins and nucleic acids
phosphorus is used to:
build nucleic acids and certain lipids
intro to biological macromolecules
living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact
hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are used to separate and form covalent bonds between monomers
properties of biological macromolecules
structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled:
nucleic acids:
biological info is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers
each nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base
proteins:
the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (primary structure) determines the overall shape of the protein
amino acids have directionality, with an amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus.
the R group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties, and the interactions of the R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein
complex carbs:
comprise sugar monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules
lipids:
difference in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids
phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules, such as water, and nonpolar regions that are often hydrophobic
structure and function of biological macromolecules
directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer:
nucleic acids:
have a linear sequence of nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide
during DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides
DNA is structures as an antiparallel double helix, each strand running in opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation
A pairs with T, G pairs with C (hydrogen bonds)
proteins:
comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain
carbs:
comprise of linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds
polymers may be linear or branched
nucleic acids
both dna and rna have three components:
sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base
the nitrogenous bases are perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone