ap bio unit 1 guide

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6 Terms

1
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structure of water and hydrogen bonding

  • living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact

  • the subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule

  • living systems depend on properties of water that result from its polarity and hydrogen bonding

  • the hydrogen bonds between water molecules result in cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

2
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elements of life

  • the highly complex organization of living systems requires constant input of energy and the exchange of macromolecules

  • organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization

  • carbon is used to:

    • build biological molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

    • it is used in storage compounds and cell formation in all organisms

  • nitrogen is used to:

    • build proteins and nucleic acids

  • phosphorus is used to:

    • build nucleic acids and certain lipids

3
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intro to biological macromolecules

  • living systems are organized in a hierarchy of structural levels that interact

  • hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis are used to separate and form covalent bonds between monomers

4
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properties of biological macromolecules

  • structure and function of polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled:

    • nucleic acids:

      • biological info is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers

      • each nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base

    • proteins:

      • the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide (primary structure) determines the overall shape of the protein

      • amino acids have directionality, with an amino (NH2) terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus.

      • the R group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties, and the interactions of the R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein

    • complex carbs:

      • comprise sugar monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of the molecules

    • lipids:

      • difference in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids

      • phospholipids contain polar regions that interact with other polar molecules, such as water, and nonpolar regions that are often hydrophobic

5
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structure and function of biological macromolecules

  • directionality of the subcomponents influences structure and function of the polymer:

    • nucleic acids:

      • have a linear sequence of nucleotides that have ends, defined by the 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphates of the sugar in the nucleotide

      • during DNA and RNA synthesis, nucleotides are added to the 3’ end of the growing strand, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between nucleotides

      • DNA is structures as an antiparallel double helix, each strand running in opposite 5’ to 3’ orientation

      • A pairs with T, G pairs with C (hydrogen bonds)

    • proteins:

      • comprise linear chains of amino acids, connected by covalent bonds at the carboxyl terminus of the growing peptide chain

    • carbs:

      • comprise of linear chains of sugar monomers connected by covalent bonds

      • polymers may be linear or branched

6
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nucleic acids

  • both dna and rna have three components:

    • sugar

    • phosphate group

    • nitrogen base

  • the nitrogenous bases are perpendicular to the sugar-phosphate backbone