Bot-Lec (Sem-1) - Chapter 6: Kingdom Fungi

fungi

eukaryotes; lack chlorophyll; heterotrophic; chitinous; absorb predigested food through the cell wall and plasma membrane

chitin

nitrogen-containing polysaccharide; forms cell walls of fungi

hypha

threadlike filaments composing the mycelium of a fungus

monokaryotic

one nucleus per cell

dikaryotic

two nuclei per cell

coenocytic

non-septated; multinucleated

mycelium

vegetative (nonreproductive); branched network of hyphae; rootlike

yeast

unicellular fungi

spore

a reproductive cell that gives rise to individual offspring in fungi and certain other organisms; method of reproduction of fungi

chytrid (Chytridiomycetes)

basal fungi; produces flagellated cells at some stage in its life history

parasitic chytrid

partly responsible for declining amphibian populations

Zygomycete

black bread mold; production of nonmotile (sessile), asexual spores (sporangiospore) and sexual zygospores

Rhizopus stolonifer

black bread mold; zygomycete

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

Glomeromycete

a fungus that forms arbuscular mycorrhizae of endomycorrhizae with roots of most trees and herbaceous plants; mutualistic

arbuscular mycorrhizae

(of glomeromycetes); microscopic fungal hyphae extend into the root; tree-like branching

endomycorrhizae

mycorrhizae that grow inside the root of the plant

root hair

increases surface area of roots

Ascomycete

characterized by production of nonmotile, asexual conidia and sexual ascospores; yeasts, cup fungi, morels, truffles, pink and green molds

conidia

asexual spores of ascomycetes

ascocarp

fruiting body of ascomycetes

ascospores

sexual spores of ascomycetes

Basidiomycete

fungus characterized by production of sexual basidiospores; mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts

Omphalotus olearius

basidiomycete; jack-'o-lantern mushroom

Geastrum saccatum

basidiomycete; rounded earthstars

Calvatia gigantea

basidiomycete; giant puffball

Phallus ravenelii

basidiomycete; stinkhorn

Fomes sp.

basidiomycete; bracket fungi

basidia

reproductive structures that produce sexual spores; born on the grills

four basidiospores

each basidium produces:

decomposers

break down organic compounds in dead organisms, leaves, garbage, and wastes into simpler materials that can be recycled

mycorrhizae

mutualistic relationships between fungi and roots of plants; fungi supply minerals to plant and plant secretes organic compounds needed by fungus

ectomycorrhizal fungi

fungi that form mycorrhizae consisting of a dense sheathe over the root's surface

lichen

a compound organism consisting of a symbiotic fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium

crustose; foliose; fruticose

three main growth forms of lichens

crustose

crust-like lichen

foliose

leaf-like lichen

fruticose

coral-like lichen

foods; food production; production of industrial chemicals

economic impact of fungi

mushrooms; morels; truffles

food from fungi

beer; wine; bread; cheeses; soy sauce

food production from fungi

citric acid

production of industrial chemicals

Morchella esculenta

common morel; grows 6 to 10 cm (2.5 to 4 inches) tall; found throughout North America

Tuber gibbosum

Oregon white truffle; found underground near Douglas firs and possibly oak trees in British Columbia and northern California

penicillin and other antibiotics

production of medications

wheat rust; Dutch elm disease; chestnut blight

cause important plant diseases

ringworm; athlete's foot; candidiasis; histoplasmosis

opportunistic pathogens in humans

aflatoxins

produce mycotoxins; cause liver damage and cancer

Amanita virosa

the destroying angel

ergot

lead to ergotism; Poaceae

Haustoria

specialized parasitic hyphae that invade living cells and secrete digestive enzymes

Monilinia fruiticola

ascomycetes; fungi that rots fruits

Ustilago maydis

basidiomycete; corn smut