Studied by 40 people
organization of human body (6)
chemical-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
atom
smallest portion element
atom nucleus contains (2)
proton, neutrons
atom electrons sit in ... and are stable at what number?
valence shell, stable at 8 e-
molecule
2+ atoms joined by chem. properties
comple molecule
Large molecules made up of subunits
in molecular formula the subscript means...
in molecular formula the number means...
element def., what element most common body?
A pure substance made up of only one type of atom, oxygen (65%)
cation
net + charge = Loss e-
anion
net - charge = Gain e
redox rxn (reduction, oxidation) (OIL-RIG)
Transfer of electrons= Gives e = oxidized Receives e = reduced OIL = oxidation is loss RIG = reduction is gain
free radicals
Molecules with unpaired electrons = unstable Initiates cascade of disturbances = steals e from molecules if not stopped = oxidative stress (aging, heart disease, cancer, etc)
antioxidants
Protective effect = can interrupt the free radical cascade Stop free radicals damage
ionic bonds
cation and anion attract (stolen e-) NaCl
covalent bonds
share e- H2O
types covalent bonds (2)
polar = unequal sharing --> hydrophilic non-polar = equal sharing --> hydrophobic
hydrogen bonds
weak bonds
condensation rxn
make, releases H2O
hydrolysis run
break, added H20
pH acid
0-7
pH neutral
7
pH bases (alkaline)
7-14
what does buffer do? found where?
resist pH change blood, kidneys, lungs
acidosis
mild headache, loss appetite starvation, diabetes
alkalosis
excess vomiting overuse laxatives hyperventilating
diabetic ketoacidosis
No glucose in cells → fat breakdown for energy → ketone production → cause acidic blood
homeostasis
balance, controlled nervous and endocrine sys.
what is hormone
chemical messenger, stimulate response
cell membrane
Provides protective boundary between intra and extracellular environments
lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes that break down protein, lipids, nucleic acids Removes and recycles waste
nucleus
Contains DNA which provides coded instructions for protein syn.
cytoplasm
Gel-like substance inside cell that contains organelles proteins, electrolytes, and other molecules
smooth ER
Involves lipid synthesis No ribosomes = no protein synthesis
rough ER
Ribosomes = builds process proteins
Golgi apparatus
Membrane sacs that process and package proteins
mitochondria
Produces most energy (atp) of cell
passive transport mechanisms (3)
simple diffusion = high to low conc. faccilitated diffusion = transport protein high to low osmosis = water flow, low solute conc - high solute conc.
active transport mechanisms (3)
carrier mediated active transport = transport protein low to high conc. exocytosis = vesicle out of cell endocytosis = vesicle into cell
primary tissue types (4)
epithelial, connective, neural, muscle
epithelial tissue
Covers and lines body, organs, cavities
connective tissue
Provides structure to body b binding and anchoring body parts
neural tissue
Role in communicating by receiving and responding to stimuli
muscle tissue
Contracts and shortens when stimulates
organ level
Group of tissues that combine to carry out coordinated functions
digestive system consists of.. (2)
GI organs and accessory organs
basic process digestion (4)
ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion
GI organs (5)
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
mouth
Chews,mixes food with saliva and beguin mechanical digestion
esophagus
carries food from mouth to stomach
stomach
Adds acids, enzymes, and gastric juice while grinding it into a semi liquid
small intestine
Breaks down nutrients using enzymes produced by sm intestine and pancreas, nutrients absorbed into blood and lymph
large intestine
Absorbs water and some minerals and vitamins
tissue layers GI tract
serosa, muscularis, submucosa (contains circulatory and lymph vessels), mucosa, lumen
accessory organs (4)
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
sphincter between esophagus and stomach
esophageal sphincter
what do sphincters do
allows no back flow
time for food pass from out to anus
24-72 hours
in mouth food is ..
food
in esophagus food is...
bolus
in stomach and small intestine food is...
chyme
in large intestine food is...
waste
mechanical digestion occurs how (3)
mastication, peristalsis, segmentation
chemical digestion involves ...
enzymes
protein enzyme
promises/ peptidases
carbohydrate enzyme
amylases
fat enzyme
lipases
enzyme characteristics (5)
bind, break, participate, catalysts, create
cephalic phase
early signaling prepares GI tract for digestion
digestion beings...
mechanical - mouth chemical - saliva (some digestion carbs)
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
improper sphincter closure
major site mechanical digestion, some chem digestion w/ stomach acid
stomach
in stomach bolus breaks to...
chyme
sphincter btwn stomach and small intestine
pyloric sphincter
Why is hydrochloric acid (HCl) important during digestion & absorption?
Kills harmful pathogens consumed Helps to activate digestive enzymes Helps to digest dietary protein
pH stomac acid
2-3
peptid ulcers caused by...
bacteria (H. pyloric infection), decreases mucus which allows stomach acid to eat away at stomach
small intestine movement (2)
peristalsis, segmentation
primary site for digestion and absorption
small intestine
pancreas
Secretes Bicarbonate which neutralizes pH of stomach acid Also release enzymes for lipid, protein,and carbohydrate breakdown
liver
produces bile (crucial for digestion/absorption lipids)
galbladder
stores bile, releases to small intestine
purpose of microvilli and villi
increase surface area
celica disease
autoimmune disease, villi damaged = poor nutrient absorption
circulatory system delivers what nutrients(4)
carbohydrates, amino acids, minerals, water-soluble vitamins
lymphatic system delivers what nutrients(4)
most fats, some vitamins
function large intestine
Absorb Folate, biotin, and short chain fatty acids Water absorption mostly absorbed here
gut microbiome
prebiotics feed probiotics
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
chronic autoimmune disease, inflammation which permanently harms intestine ex. Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
functional disorder, not lead to serious disease, not cause inflammation, effects 20% US adults
small intestine absorbs majority of ...
water
main source energy body
carbohydrates
sources carbs (4)
starches, dairy, fruit, candy etc
simple carbohydrates (2)
monosaccharides, disaccharides
monosaccharides (3)
glucose (fruits and veg. ), fructose (fruits and veg.), galactose (milk)
disaccharides (3), and made by what reaction
condensation rxn forms glycosidic bond, lactose (glucose + galactose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose)
complex carbohydrates
oligosaccharides (3-10 saccharides), polysaccharides (starch and glycogen)
starch come from
major storage carb in plants,
types of starch (2)
amylose = straight chain polymer amylopectin = branches(digested quicker)
glycogen comes from...
storage form carbs in animals (liver and muscle)
Note 
Flashcard (107)