topic 7- other lie detection methods

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reasons to need other lie detection methods

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  • enhancing accuracy and reliability

  • reducing false positives and negatives

  • supporting legal and investigative processes

  • understanding psychological mechanisms

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reasons to need other lie detection methods: enhancing accuracy and reliability by

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providing more objective evidence based approaches

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reasons to need other lie detection methods

  • enhancing accuracy and reliability

  • reducing false positives and negatives

  • supporting legal and investigative processes

  • understanding psychological mechanisms

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reasons to need other lie detection methods: enhancing accuracy and reliability by

providing more objective evidence based approaches

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reasons to need other lie detection methods: •Reducing False Positives and Negatives

because these can lead to bad legal outcomes etc

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Effective lie detection methods is important in Supporting Legal and Investigative Processes

•methods like statement analysis, reality monitoring and cognitive load can enhance effectiveness of these processes

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reasons to need other lie detection methods: Understanding Psychological Mechanisms-

developing and refining lie detecting methods that account for cognition communication and social behaviour which also helps in the field of psychology

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Statement Analysis: Theory

Lying imposes higher Cognitive Load- because

•fabricating/maintaining a story requires more mental effort

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statement analysis Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA)- based on idea

•that truthful statements have more verifiable details and rich details that naturally include more specific contextual and sensory details

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statement analysis examples of _ indicators-

•passive voice and negations to distance urself from falsehood, fewer self references can be systemitcally anlayzed to identify deception

Psychological Stress and linguistic

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statement analysis theory •Memory and Reality Monitoring-

truthful statements based on memory with certain specific elements, deceitful statements lack this resulting in less coherent narrative

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statement analysis technique analyzes

•linguistic features and content within statement to identify indicators of deception

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principles of statement analysis

Content Analysis

structural analysis

language usage analysis

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Which principle of statement analysis involves: scrutinizing details in statements, truthful statements include more concrete specific details, lies are more vague and lack more structured info

Content Analysis-

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Which principle of statement analysis involves: analyzes how the info is organized- truthful narratives have a logical structure start middle end, lies have inconsistent and lack of coherence and abrupt changes in topics

structural analysis

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Which principle of statement analysis involves: certain linguistic patterns like use of qualifiers negations passive voice are indicative of lying, deceptive statements have fewer self references and more evasive language compared to truthful accounts

Analysis of Language Usage is another critical aspect-

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example of content analysis

Truth witness: I saw a red car with this license plate outside store at this time

Lie: I saw a car outside store sometime in afternoon

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example of structural analysis

Truthful: clear sequence in timeline

Deceptive: jumps around in timeline, not really chronological order

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example of language use analysis

Truth: I didn’t take the money

deceptive: to the best of my recollection I didnt take the money

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cognitive load theory is that lying

results in increased cognitive effort

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•Dual Process Theory - Controlled Processes more prominent in deceptive statements – example

Person telling the truth can give a detailed account easy, person lying has to construct a false narrative which can lead to inconsistencies etc in their statement

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behavioural indicators of increased cognitive load

be pauses repetition sweating increased heartrate hesitancy

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ways of manipulating cognitive load

•Increase Task Complexity

•Unexpected Questions

•Time Pressure

•Secondary Tasks

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which way of manipulating cognitive load:

•can involve asking them to provide detailed accounts or multitasked. Ex. Describe events in reverse order

Increase Task Complexity

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Which way of manipulating cognitive load:

•asking for irrelevant details like what they saw on the way to the supposed event

can increase load bc liars didn’t prepare for them, so they have to answer on the spot

Unexpected Questions

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Which way of manipulating cognitive load: imposing time constraints on responses can make it harder for liars to construct and maintain false narratives, having to respond in 10 seconds will give them less time to prepare their deceptive statements

Time Pressure

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Which way of manipulating cognitive load:

assigning another task to divide their attention, while answering questions about their alibi while also counting backwards from 7

Secondary Tasks

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Increasing cognitive load resulting in ___ Detection Rates

Higher

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effectiveness of cognitive load

one study had it go from 56% to 72%

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•under high cognitive load, liars had __ behavioral cues like pauses, hesitations.

more

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under high cogntive load, liars had _ details etc compared to when they didn’t have a high cognitive load

fewer

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a study found __ led to 25% of accuracy in detecting deceptive statements compared to other methods

strategic use of tasks like reverse story telling

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cognitive load lie detection techniques: broad applicability

good in a lot of different contexts and settings, accurate. This method can be applied in diverse populations like kids, or other cultural backgrounds

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model statement is when interviewers provide

an example of a detailed statement unrelated to the topic of investigation. Before suspects are interviewed, they listen to an audiotape of the Model Statement and are encouraged to provide an account that is as rich in detail as the statement they heard.

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purpose of model statement

is to elicit more information because individuals will provide more info than they expect to

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having to provide a model statements leads to increased cognitive load

the amount of details truth tellers and liars provide after hearing the model statement

the quantity of details wont distinguish the two, the quality/type of detail becomes relevant because

it takes into account the different cognitive abilities of truth tellers and liars in maintaining their story and the different strategies they use to appear convincing.

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Vrij et al., 2020: consistency

•truth tellers maintain consistency in their detailed responses throughout multiple interviews but

liars struggle to

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Vrij et al., 2020

researchers suggesting incorporating model statement in investigative interviewers will result in

better quality and quantity of info and easier ability to detect lies

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Model Statement Method: Effectiveness

•Improved Deception Detection Rates, bc of increased cognitive load making it harder to maintain lies

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the model statement is effective because it is not limited to

•face to face interactions.

Adaptability to Different Modalities like telephone interviews,

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model statement effectiveness has _ across contexts

consistency

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in all different real world settings, _ was consistently better in enhancing info and more deception detection rates

the model statement method

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the model statement method is effective because more information allows

interviewers for find more gaps and inconsistencies that indicate deception

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Reality Monitoring: Theory

Memory Encoding-

•memories of real experiences are coded differently from fake memories, real experiences are encoded with more sensory and contextual details making them more vivid and detailed in memory

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source monitoring is judging the source of the event, if its a real memory/perceived or if its imagined/made up. source attribution can influence the details it has: example

if memory for a news story contains auditory but no visual features, its origin might be attributed to the radio rather than TV.

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contextual consistency- reality monitoring

truth vs lie

•truthful statements more likely to have more contextual info thats consistent with known facts of event, lies will have info thats incongruent to context

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•reality monitoring and Cognitive Load- deceptive statements require __ to fabricate and maintain narratives than remembering actual events

more effort

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Reality Monitoring

Verifiability and Detail-

truthful statements will have ___ Lies will lack this detail or have vague descriptions that are difficult to verify

verifiable details about real events, like specific times and locations that can be verified.

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reality monitoring •Source Monitoring- ability to attribute source of a memory, if it was actually experienced or imagined. SM used to __

identify inconsistencies in statement.

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this is an example of:

Deceptive statement will have inconsistencies in source of info such as mentioning details that couldn’t be remembered or known if event was real

source monitoring

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This is an example of:

Details that are consistent with known facts. Lies won't have consistent details that match the context of the event. Like temperature weather what u can see around u

assessing contextual consistency of information

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reality monitoring techniques can achieve high accuracy rates ,

strong capability of reality monitoring criteria

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accuracy rates of reality monitoring potentially getting to ___ in well controlled settings

80%

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with other methods of lie detection, reality monitoring is

a reliable approach

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impact of training in reality monitoring

trained individuals are better are finding lies vs truths bc they can identify key criteria.

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3 limitations of reality monitoring

may be less effective with skilled liars who can make detailed lies

can be compromised by factors like nature of task or the nature of lie or external stuff.

may be less reliable when applied to younger populations