reasons to need other lie detection methods
enhancing accuracy and reliability
reducing false positives and negatives
supporting legal and investigative processes
understanding psychological mechanisms
reasons to need other lie detection methods: enhancing accuracy and reliability by
providing more objective evidence based approaches
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reasons to need other lie detection methods
enhancing accuracy and reliability
reducing false positives and negatives
supporting legal and investigative processes
understanding psychological mechanisms
reasons to need other lie detection methods: enhancing accuracy and reliability by
providing more objective evidence based approaches
reasons to need other lie detection methods: •Reducing False Positives and Negatives
because these can lead to bad legal outcomes etc
Effective lie detection methods is important in Supporting Legal and Investigative Processes
•methods like statement analysis, reality monitoring and cognitive load can enhance effectiveness of these processes
reasons to need other lie detection methods: Understanding Psychological Mechanisms-
developing and refining lie detecting methods that account for cognition communication and social behaviour which also helps in the field of psychology
Statement Analysis: Theory
Lying imposes higher Cognitive Load- because
•fabricating/maintaining a story requires more mental effort
statement analysis Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA)- based on idea
•that truthful statements have more verifiable details and rich details that naturally include more specific contextual and sensory details
statement analysis examples of _ indicators-
•passive voice and negations to distance urself from falsehood, fewer self references can be systemitcally anlayzed to identify deception
Psychological Stress and linguistic
statement analysis theory •Memory and Reality Monitoring-
truthful statements based on memory with certain specific elements, deceitful statements lack this resulting in less coherent narrative
statement analysis technique analyzes
•linguistic features and content within statement to identify indicators of deception
principles of statement analysis
Content Analysis
structural analysis
language usage analysis
Which principle of statement analysis involves: scrutinizing details in statements, truthful statements include more concrete specific details, lies are more vague and lack more structured info
Content Analysis-
Which principle of statement analysis involves: analyzes how the info is organized- truthful narratives have a logical structure start middle end, lies have inconsistent and lack of coherence and abrupt changes in topics
structural analysis
Which principle of statement analysis involves: certain linguistic patterns like use of qualifiers negations passive voice are indicative of lying, deceptive statements have fewer self references and more evasive language compared to truthful accounts
Analysis of Language Usage is another critical aspect-
example of content analysis
Truth witness: I saw a red car with this license plate outside store at this time
Lie: I saw a car outside store sometime in afternoon
example of structural analysis
Truthful: clear sequence in timeline
Deceptive: jumps around in timeline, not really chronological order
example of language use analysis
Truth: I didn’t take the money
deceptive: to the best of my recollection I didnt take the money
cognitive load theory is that lying
results in increased cognitive effort
•Dual Process Theory - Controlled Processes more prominent in deceptive statements – example
Person telling the truth can give a detailed account easy, person lying has to construct a false narrative which can lead to inconsistencies etc in their statement
behavioural indicators of increased cognitive load
be pauses repetition sweating increased heartrate hesitancy
ways of manipulating cognitive load
•Increase Task Complexity
•Unexpected Questions
•Time Pressure
•Secondary Tasks
which way of manipulating cognitive load:
•can involve asking them to provide detailed accounts or multitasked. Ex. Describe events in reverse order
Increase Task Complexity
Which way of manipulating cognitive load:
•asking for irrelevant details like what they saw on the way to the supposed event
can increase load bc liars didn’t prepare for them, so they have to answer on the spot
Unexpected Questions
Which way of manipulating cognitive load: imposing time constraints on responses can make it harder for liars to construct and maintain false narratives, having to respond in 10 seconds will give them less time to prepare their deceptive statements
Time Pressure
Which way of manipulating cognitive load:
assigning another task to divide their attention, while answering questions about their alibi while also counting backwards from 7
Secondary Tasks
Increasing cognitive load resulting in ___ Detection Rates
Higher
effectiveness of cognitive load
one study had it go from 56% to 72%
•under high cognitive load, liars had __ behavioral cues like pauses, hesitations.
more
under high cogntive load, liars had _ details etc compared to when they didn’t have a high cognitive load
fewer
a study found __ led to 25% of accuracy in detecting deceptive statements compared to other methods
strategic use of tasks like reverse story telling
cognitive load lie detection techniques: broad applicability
good in a lot of different contexts and settings, accurate. This method can be applied in diverse populations like kids, or other cultural backgrounds
model statement is when interviewers provide
an example of a detailed statement unrelated to the topic of investigation. Before suspects are interviewed, they listen to an audiotape of the Model Statement and are encouraged to provide an account that is as rich in detail as the statement they heard.
purpose of model statement
is to elicit more information because individuals will provide more info than they expect to
having to provide a model statements leads to increased cognitive load
the amount of details truth tellers and liars provide after hearing the model statement
the quantity of details wont distinguish the two, the quality/type of detail becomes relevant because
it takes into account the different cognitive abilities of truth tellers and liars in maintaining their story and the different strategies they use to appear convincing.
Vrij et al., 2020: consistency
•truth tellers maintain consistency in their detailed responses throughout multiple interviews but
liars struggle to
Vrij et al., 2020
researchers suggesting incorporating model statement in investigative interviewers will result in
better quality and quantity of info and easier ability to detect lies
Model Statement Method: Effectiveness
•Improved Deception Detection Rates, bc of increased cognitive load making it harder to maintain lies
the model statement is effective because it is not limited to
•face to face interactions.
Adaptability to Different Modalities like telephone interviews,
model statement effectiveness has _ across contexts
consistency
in all different real world settings, _ was consistently better in enhancing info and more deception detection rates
the model statement method
the model statement method is effective because more information allows
interviewers for find more gaps and inconsistencies that indicate deception
Reality Monitoring: Theory
Memory Encoding-
•memories of real experiences are coded differently from fake memories, real experiences are encoded with more sensory and contextual details making them more vivid and detailed in memory
source monitoring is judging the source of the event, if its a real memory/perceived or if its imagined/made up. source attribution can influence the details it has: example
if memory for a news story contains auditory but no visual features, its origin might be attributed to the radio rather than TV.
contextual consistency- reality monitoring
truth vs lie
•truthful statements more likely to have more contextual info thats consistent with known facts of event, lies will have info thats incongruent to context
•reality monitoring and Cognitive Load- deceptive statements require __ to fabricate and maintain narratives than remembering actual events
more effort
Reality Monitoring
Verifiability and Detail-
truthful statements will have ___ Lies will lack this detail or have vague descriptions that are difficult to verify
verifiable details about real events, like specific times and locations that can be verified.
reality monitoring •Source Monitoring- ability to attribute source of a memory, if it was actually experienced or imagined. SM used to __
identify inconsistencies in statement.
this is an example of:
Deceptive statement will have inconsistencies in source of info such as mentioning details that couldn’t be remembered or known if event was real
source monitoring
This is an example of:
Details that are consistent with known facts. Lies won't have consistent details that match the context of the event. Like temperature weather what u can see around u
assessing contextual consistency of information
reality monitoring techniques can achieve high accuracy rates ,
strong capability of reality monitoring criteria
accuracy rates of reality monitoring potentially getting to ___ in well controlled settings
80%
with other methods of lie detection, reality monitoring is
a reliable approach
impact of training in reality monitoring
trained individuals are better are finding lies vs truths bc they can identify key criteria.
3 limitations of reality monitoring
may be less effective with skilled liars who can make detailed lies
can be compromised by factors like nature of task or the nature of lie or external stuff.
may be less reliable when applied to younger populations