Advanced Biology Semester Two Review

How many bones in the average human skeleton

206

The ilium and sacrum are major components of the ___ girdle

pelvic

Bone that creates the crest of the pelvis

ilium

type of cell responsible for the resorption of the bone matrix

osteoclast

type of synovial joint that is located between the bones of the forearm (ulna/radius) and the bones of the wrist (carpels) that allows for wrist motion

condyloid

what structure is the shaft of a long bone

diaphysis

fibrous membranes between cranial bones of infants are known as

fontanels

largest bone of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow

humerus

type of joint that lies between bones of the skull that have little to no motion

fibrous

what structure is a chamber within compact bone that contains marrow

medullary cavity

type of synovial joint that allows for the ulna and radius to turn the palm up and down

pivot

a slender rod like bone within the pectoral girdle that allows for full arm rotation

clavicle

term for what is commonly referred to as a growth plate

epiphyseal disk

type of cell responsible for replacement of the bone matrix

osteoblast

type of bone tissue found near the epiphysis that has irregular spacing and lessens a bone’s weight

spongy bone

type of synovial joint where the femur enter into the pelvis

ball and socket

type of joint that lies between bones of the spinal column that consist of disks that act as shock absorbers

cartilaginous

8 bones that make up the wrist

carpel

what structure is fibrous protective structure for bone

periosteum

collection of 3 bones that make up fingers

phalange

what is the primary function of red marrow

formation of erythrocytes

L-shaped bone on the posterior end of the pelvis

ischium

weight bearing bone of the lower portion of the leg

tibia

5 bones that make up the pad of the hand

metacarpals

what is a primary function of the intercellular matrix

structural support of long bones

type of tissue found within the shaft of the bone with a continuous matrix that helps the bone be resistant to bending

compact bone

what is a primary function of yellow marrow

storage of fat

two major regions of the skeleton are

axial and appendicular

type of synovial joint that is located at the elbow

hinge

7 bones that collectively make up the ankle

tarsals

type of synovial joint found within the wrist between carpal bones

planar/gliding

the longest bone of the body

femur

these two bones join at the midline of the pelvis

pubis

the longer of the two bones located in the forearm

ulna

triangular bone referred to as the shoulder blade

scapula

what bone is specific for allowing motion of the tounge

hyoid

non weight bearing bone of the leg that does not enter into the knee joint

fibula

the clavicle and scapula are major components of the ___ girdle

pectoral

type of joint that allows free movement

synovial

one of the two bones in the forearm that is located on the thumb side

radius

what structure is an expanded portion at the end of a bone

epiphysis

digestive disorder that results in chronic inflammation of multiple locations throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Crohn’s disease

What term is used to describe an organism that has gone a prolonged amount of time without supplying their body with needed chemical energy

undernourishment

a clump of cells that form a bump on the large intestinal wall that can be signs of a cancerous growth

polyp

where are fats chemically digested

small intestine

the pancreas releases enzymes that are used to chemically digest

carbohydrate, protein, nucleic acid, and fat

chyme is strongly acidic. what substance is secreted by the pancreas to neutralize chyme

bicarbonate

chemical and mechanical digestion begins in the mouth, where food is prepared into a ___, which is then swallowed

bolus

what essential nutrient makes up approximately 50% of the dry mass of a cell since it is considered to be the final step in the central dogma of biology

protein

what essential nutrient category has members that are organic and only required in small amounts

vitamin

what are protein chemically digested

stomach, small intestine

site of mechanical and chemical digestion of proteins. also a location for eliminating unwanted potential pathogens

stomach

which of the following does not play a role is masticating (mechanical digestion) food

saliva

projections within the digestive tract that maximize surface area to aid in absorption

villi

taking in food, or ___ is the first step of gaining nutrients from food

ingestion

salivary glands releases enzymes that are used to chemically digest

carbohydrate

which of the following statements is true

nutrients diffuse across the epithelial cells lining of the small intestine to enter the bloodstream

what is the correct order of processes by which nutrients, energy, and water from food are handled by organisms

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

what is the process that uses proteins produced by the body, with the assistance of water, to break apart polymers into, monomers

enzymatic hydrolysis

what essential nutrient category can be classified as being saturated or unsaturated

fat

stores and releases the material used that is responsible for emulsifying fats

gall bladder

a whale that filters krill out of water for nourishment would be considered a ___ feeder

suspension

relative to body size, ____ digestion requires more cells dedicated to digestion

intracellular

In protein digestion, what happens in the stomach

pepsin breaks large proteins into smaller peptide chains

what is the evolutionary significance of glycogen production

excess ATP and glucose produce glycogen, which can be used at a later point in time to produce energy if food is unavailable

what type of digestion requires specialized chambers for digestion to occur

extracellular

sequence of the digestive tract

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

what essential nutrient makes up the majority of a living organism

water

an ectoparasite like a leech would be considered a ___ feeder

fluid

organ that empties into the stomach

esophagus

what term is used to describe an organism that has gone a prolonged amount of time without an essential nutrient in their diet

malnourishment

what essential nutrient is the most energy dense and provides insulation and protection

fat

produces lipase, amylase, and sodium bicarbonate

pancreas

which statement is not an example of how fat is beneficial

fat has low energy density

classification of organisms that consume only animal material

carnivore

cell responsible for releasing pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)

chief cells

location for the first stage of mechanical digestion and chemical digestion of carbohydrates

mouth

what essential nutrient category has members that are inorganic and only required in small amounts

mineral

classification of an organism that consumers only plant material

herbivore

what type of digestion is the result of having a digestive tract

extracellular

where are nucleic acids chemically digested

small intestine

cell responsible for releasing hydrogen and chloride ions

parietal cells

what essential nutrient category is composed of monomers known as amino acids

protein

where are carbohydrates chemically digested

mouth, small intestine

responsible for water reabsorption before elimination

large intestine

issue that results from a portion of the digestive tract escaping through an opening in the diaphragm muscle

hiatal hernia

what is the shortest portion of the small intestine

duodenum

what is the correct sequence for the small intestine

duedenum, jejunum, ilium

different macromolecules have varying amounts of energy density, which of the following is the least energy dense

fiber

an earthworm that lives within the soil that it feeds on would be considered a ___ feeder

substrate

when you eat an apple, it is first physically broken down into smaller fragments. what is the term for this process

mastication

location that carries out the greatest amount of chemical digestion and absorption

small intestine

plant materials, such as fruits and vegetables, are difficult to digest because they are difficult to break down. How are humans able to obtain nutrients from fruits and vegetables

intestinal flora have enzymes that break down some of the fiber

different macromolecules have varying amounts of energy density.