Federalist era review

all pain for what gain

Citizen Genet

French Soldier Edmond who took American citizens away to fight for France, infuriating Washington.

Jay's Treaty

A treaty between the US and Great Britain that showed Washington's commitment to neutrality but infuriated Americans and the French.

Political Divisions

Factions that Washington feared, which today are known as political parties, accelerated by his cabinet choices.

Whiskey Rebellion

Violent protests against the whiskey tax in western Pennsylvania, which Washington crushed using constitutional power.

John Adams as President

The second President of the United States. Tried to emulate Washington while facing drama with his VP Thomas Jefferson from a different party.

The XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident with France that increased Adams' popularity and led to the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Legislation that targeted immigrants, making it harder to become a citizen and easier to deport, and laws that prohibited anti-government speech or actions, controversially used to silence political opposition.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Resolutions by two states that nullified the Alien and Sedition Acts, claiming they were unconstitutional.

Nullification

The act of a state refusing to follow a federal law.

Reducing the Federal Government

Jefferson's approach to favor a smaller government by reducing taxes, bureaucracy, and military size.

Adams' Popularity

Increased due to the XYZ Affair and his use of nationalism during his presidency.

Constitutional Majority Requirement

The requirement that a candidate must secure a majority in the electoral college to become president.

House of Representatives Vote

The process that occurred when no candidate achieved a majority in the electoral college during the Election of 1800.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of territory from France in 1803, which raised constitutional concerns due to the size of the territory and whether the federal government had the power to purchase land.

Embargo Act of 1807

A law passed by Jefferson that prohibited all foreign trade in an attempt to damage the economies of Britain and France, but it hurt the U.S. economy instead.

James Madison

U.S. President during the War of 1812 who called for war against Britain.

War Hawks

Congressional leaders, mostly from the South and West, who advocated for war with Britain in the lead-up to the War of 1812.

Andrew Jackson

Led U.S. forces to victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend and Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812, later becoming President.

Oliver Hazard Perry

Naval commander who achieved victory in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.

Francis Scott Key

Wrote 'The Star-Spangled Banner' after witnessing the British attack on Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.

Impressment

The British practice of capturing American sailors and forcing them into service in the British navy, which contributed to the War of 1812.

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed in 1814 that ended the War of 1812 and restored pre-war boundaries between the U.S. and Britain.

Battle of New Orleans

Significant American victory occurring after the Treaty of Ghent was signed, making Andrew Jackson a national hero.

Missouri Compromise

A legislative agreement in 1820 that balanced the admission of Missouri as a slave state with the admission of Maine as a free state, and prohibited slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

Battle of Tippecanoe

A conflict in 1811 between American forces and Native American warriors, which increased tensions leading into the War of 1812.

Burning of Washington, D.C.

British forces burned key government buildings in Washington, D.C., in 1814 during the War of 1812.

Defense of Fort McHenry

The successful defense of (PLACE) from British forces in 1814, which inspired Francis Scott Key to write 'The Star-Spangled Banner.'

Economic Impacts of the War of 1812

The British blockade during the War of 1812 led to the growth of American manufacturing, particularly in New England, as imports were limited.

Panic of 1819

The first major economic depression in the U.S. caused by a combination of land speculation, bank failures, and a drop in commodity prices.

Presidential Cabinet

A group of the President's closest advisors, appointed to lead various executive departments and assist in decision-making.

Thomas Jefferson

Washington's Secretary of State who later became President, advocating for agrarianism and a limited federal government.

Alexander Hamilton

Washington's Secretary of the Treasury who advocated for a strong federal government, a national bank, and an economy based on industry.

Henry Knox

Washington's Secretary of War who helped shape early U.S. military policy.

Hamilton's Bank of the United States

A financial institution proposed by Hamilton to stabilize the U.S. economy, which was controversial for its interpretation of the Constitution.

Strict Construction

The belief that the Constitution should be interpreted literally, without allowing for flexibility or implied powers.

Loose Construction

The belief that the Constitution allows for a broader interpretation, with the federal government having implied powers not explicitly stated.

Tariff

A tax on imported goods, often used to protect domestic industries and generate government revenue.

Neutrality

The policy of not supporting or engaging in the conflicts of other nations, as advocated by Washington in foreign relations.

Federalists

A political party that supported a strong national government and favored closer ties with Britain.

Election of 1800

A contentious election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, ultimately decided in the House of Representatives, which led to a peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

Marbury v. Madison

Landmark Supreme Court case that established judicial review, giving the courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Controversy of the Louisiana Purchase

The debate over whether the President had the constitutional authority to purchase land without direct authorization.

Lewis and Clark

An expedition led by (EXPLORERS) to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and map a route to the Pacific Ocean.

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program

A series of proposals to manage U.S. debt, establish a national bank, and promote economic growth through tariffs and federal assumption of state debts.

Causes of the War of 1812

Factors included British impressment of American sailors, British support of Native American resistance to American expansion, and American desire to annex Canadian territories.

Battle of New Orleans

A decisive battle in the War of 1812 where Andrew Jackson's forces defeated the British, despite the peace treaty having already been signed.

Lasting significance of the War of 1812

The U.S. gained respect from European nations, and nationalism surged, marking the end of the Federalist Party.

Hamiltonians

Federalists who supported a strong central government and a broad interpretation of the Constitution.

Jeffersonians

Democratic-Republicans who believed in states' rights and a strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Federal government power

The debate over how powerful the federal government should be, with Federalists supporting a strong central government and Democratic-Republicans advocating for more power to the states.

Leadership in the nation

The debate over whether the government should be led by an elite, educated class or by the common people, as represented by Jeffersonians.

Constitution interpretation

The debate over whether the Constitution should be interpreted strictly or loosely.

National bank opinion

The debate over the constitutionality of a national bank, with Hamilton supporting it and Jefferson opposing it.

Economy basis

The debate over whether the U.S. economy should be based on agriculture (Jefferson) or industry (Hamilton).

Federal government debts

The debate over whether the federal government should assume state debts incurred during the Revolution, with Hamilton advocating for assumption and Jefferson opposing it.

Excise tax on whiskey

A tax imposed during Washington's presidency to help pay off debt, which led to the Whiskey Rebellion.

Pro French vs. Pro British

The debate over whether the U.S. should align with France, which had supported American independence, or with Britain, which had a powerful economy and military.

Political Support Areas

Federalists generally had support in urban areas, especially in the Northeast, while Jeffersonians had more support in rural, Southern, and Western regions.

Washington's warnings

Washington cautioned against political parties, foreign alliances, and the dangers of sectionalism in his farewell address.

Political Party effects

Political parties caused divisions, delays, and conflicts, leading to gridlock and bias in government.

Judicial Review

The authority of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress void if found to be in conflict with the Constitution.

Midnight Judges

Last-minute judicial appointees made by President Adams to ensure Federalist influence in the judiciary after his defeat in the 1800 election.

John Marshall

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835 who shaped the court's decisions and emphasized federal supremacy.

Democratic-Republicans

A political party that opposed Federalist policies and advocated for states' rights and agrarian interests.

Judiciary Act of 1789

The act that established the federal judiciary and was later declared invalid by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison.

Gouverneur Morris

A Federalist senator from New York who viewed an independent judiciary as necessary to protect the people from themselves.

Supremacy of Federal Government

The principle that federal laws and authority take precedence over state laws and authority.

Constitutionality

The quality of being in accordance with the Constitution, which the Supreme Court has the authority to interpret.

Republicanism

A political ideology centered on the principles of representative government and the rights of individuals.

Judicial Independence

The concept that the judiciary should be independent from other branches of government to ensure fair and impartial justice.

Political Parties

Organizations that represent different ideologies and interests in government, such as the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.

Political Disagreement

The fundamental differences in ideology and policy between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.