Biotechnology (Chapter 20)

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16 Terms

1

In Vitro Mutagenesis

  • technique used to induce certain mutation into a cloned DNA fragment

  • done outside of living organism

  • done to see the impact of protein being made/not made

  • ex. GMOs, medical research, study of human disease

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2

In Situ Hybridization

  • allows scientists to visualize the location of a specific DNA or RNA sequence within a tissue sample

  • highly dependent on base pairing

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3

CISH

  • chromogenic ISH

  • dependent on antibodies and enzymes

  • done with light microscope, so cheaper

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4

FISH

  • fluorescence ISH

  • higher sensitivity

  • more expensive

  • used to test for colon cancer, breast cancer, HPV, other viruses

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5

Gel Electrophoresis

  • used to separate DNA and proteins based on size and charge

  • requires restriction enzymes, gels, power supply and staining

  • used for forensics and paternity testing

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6

ELISA

  • enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

  • used to detect and quantify proteins, antibodies, and antigens using enzyme linked reactions

  • used to test testosterone levels in athletes, food for allergens, and antibody testing

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7

Next Generation Sequencing

  • used for DNA and RNA sequencing

  • can sequence multiple strands at one time

  • main application is in microbiology

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8

Forensic Profiling

  • using DNA sample for identification

  • highly based on short tandum repeats

  • ex. maternity/paternity testing, body identification

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9

Stem Cells

  • undifferentiated/unspecialized cells that have the potential to become any type of cells

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10

Totipotent Cells

  • can develop into any type of cell

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11

Pluripotent Cells

  • can only develop into some types of cells

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12

DNA Microarray Assay

  • procedure that uses DNA or RNA in fragments to hybridize two complementary strands and attach florescent markers on a chip

  • uses include identifying specific types of cancer and to determine which genes are on vs off

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13

CRISPR-Cas 9

  • cut and past for DNA

    • cancer, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, agriculture

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14

GMOs

  • genetically modified organisms

  • controversial due to food safety and environmental impacts

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15

DNA cloning

  • possible for gene, cell, or total organism

  • Dolly the Sheep

  • organ donation, create biodiversity, agriculture and animals

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16

PCR

  • polymerase chain reaction

  • denaturation, annealing, extension

  • makes more copies of DNA

  • RT PCR —> copies of complementary DNA made from RNA

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