APUSH 4 COnnections

John Adams – Thomas Jefferson

John Adams – Thomas Jefferson

The rivalry between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson marked the early political division in the United States, highlighting the clash between Federalist and Democratic-Republican ideals.

• John Adams: A Federalist president who supported a strong centralized government and commercial interests.

• Thomas Jefferson: A Democratic-Republican who favored limited government, states' rights, and an agrarian economy.

B. Samuel Chase – John Marshall

Samuel Chase's impeachment and John Marshall's tenure reflected tensions over the independence of the judiciary and the role of the courts in politics.

• Samuel Chase: A Supreme Court Justice impeached for partisan actions, though acquitted, highlighting the challenge of political influence over the judiciary.

• John Marshall: The influential Chief Justice who solidified the power of the judiciary and judicial review, protecting the courts from political interference.

John Marshall – Alexander Hamilton

Both John Marshall and Alexander Hamilton shared Federalist views and worked to strengthen the national government’s authority.

• John Marshall: Chief Justice who expanded the power of the federal government through landmark rulings.

• Alexander Hamilton: A key Federalist leader who advocated for a strong central government and a robust financial system.

Lewis & Clark – Thomas Jefferson

Connection: Thomas Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, furthering his vision of westward expansion.

• Lewis & Clark: Led an expedition to map and explore the Louisiana Territory and establish American presence.

• Thomas Jefferson: President who pursued the Louisiana Purchase and initiated the westward exploration of the continent.

E. Aaron Burr – Twelfth Amendment

Connection: The controversial election involving Aaron Burr led to the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, which changed how the president and vice president were elected.

• Aaron Burr: Tied with Jefferson in the election of 1800, causing an electoral crisis.

• Twelfth Amendment: Adjusted the electoral process by requiring separate ballots for president and vice president to prevent future election ties.

USS Chesapeake – Embargo Act

Connection: The British attack on the USS Chesapeake contributed to Jefferson’s decision to pass the Embargo Act, attempting to avoid war by restricting trade.

• USS Chesapeake: American naval ship attacked by the British in 1807, escalating tensions.

• Embargo Act: A law passed in 1807 to halt all foreign trade, intended to pressure Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.

Embargo – Federalist Party

Connection: The Embargo Act, passed under Jefferson, was strongly opposed by the Federalist Party, which argued it devastated American commerce and hurt New England's economy.

• Embargo: Restricted American trade with foreign nations, particularly Britain and France.

• Federalist Party: Political party that opposed the embargo, claiming it damaged the economy, particularly in trade-dependent New England.

Tecumseh – Little Turtle

Topic Sentence: Tecumseh and Little Turtle were both Native American leaders who resisted U.S. expansion, though they led resistance efforts at different times and through distinct strategies.

• Tecumseh: Shawnee leader who formed a pan-tribal confederation to resist U.S. expansion, culminating in the War of 1812.

• Little Turtle: Miami leader who led successful military campaigns against American forces in the 1790s but eventually sought peace after defeat and ceded lands, tecumseh didnt like.

Marbury v. Madison – Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions

Marbury v. Madison and the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions both dealt with the limits of federal power, though the former solidified judicial review, while the latter emphasized states' rights.

• Marbury v. Madison: Landmark Supreme Court case that established judicial review, empowering the Court to declare federal laws unconstitutional.

• Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions: Political statements authored by Jefferson and Madison advocating for states' rights and nullification of unconstitutional federal laws.

Toussaint L’Ouverture – Louisiana Purchase

Topic Sentence: The Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, indirectly contributed to the Louisiana Purchase by prompting Napoleon to abandon his ambitions in the Americas, leading him to sell the territory to the United States.

• Toussaint L’Ouverture: Leader of the Haitian Revolution, which successfully overthrew French colonial rule in Haiti, giving france no need for lousisna since they didnt need the food for haiti.

• Louisiana Purchase: The 1803 acquisition of French territory by the United States, which doubled the size of the country.

James Madison – Napoleon Bonaparte

Topic Sentence: James Madison and Napoleon Bonaparte were key figures during the War of 1812, with Madison navigating U.S. foreign policy in response to Napoleon’s European wars and trade restrictions.

• James Madison: U.S. president who led the nation through the War of 1812, facing tensions between Britain and France.

• Napoleon Bonaparte: French emperor whose conflicts with Britain affected U.S. trade, contributing to the tensions that led to the War of 1812.

Battle of New Orleans – “The Star-Spangled Banner”

Topic Sentence: While the Battle of New Orleans was the final major battle of the War of 1812, “The Star-Spangled Banner” was written earlier, capturing the resilience of Americans during the war.

• Battle of New Orleans: A decisive American victory led by Andrew Jackson in 1815, which boosted American morale even though the war had technically ended.

• "The Star-Spangled Banner": National anthem written by Francis Scott Key during the British attack on Fort McHenry in 1814, symbolizing American perseverance.

Hartford Convention – Battle of New Orleans

The Hartford Convention, where New England Federalists expressed opposition to the War of 1812, occurred just before the Battle of New Orleans, whose American victory undermined the Federalists' complaints and led to their political decline.

• Hartford Convention: A meeting of New England Federalists in late 1814 where they discussed their grievances over the War of 1812 and proposed constitutional amendments.

• Battle of New Orleans: The U.S. victory in January 1815, which bolstered national pride and weakened the influence of the Federalists who had opposed the war.

Henry Clay – Alexander Hamilton

Topic Sentence: Henry Clay and Alexander Hamilton both advocated for strong economic policies to promote national development, with Clay’s American System being influenced by Hamilton’s financial plan.

• Henry Clay: Promoter of the American System, which called for tariffs, a national bank, and infrastructure improvements to promote economic growth.

• Alexander Hamilton: First Secretary of the Treasury who championed a strong central government and economic measures like a national bank and tariffs to strengthen the nation.

Panic of 1819 – Missouri Compromise

Topic Sentence: The Panic of 1819 caused economic distress that heightened tensions over the extension of slavery, a division that became central to the debates leading to the Missouri Compromise.

• Panic of 1819: The first major financial crisis in the U.S., leading to widespread economic hardship and contributing to regional divisions.

• Missouri Compromise: The 1820 agreement that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ line in the Louisiana Territory.

Missouri Compromise – Northwest Ordinance

Topic Sentence: Both the Missouri Compromise and the Northwest Ordinance addressed the issue of slavery in new territories, with the latter banning slavery in the Northwest Territory and the former regulating it in new western territories.

• Missouri Compromise: 1820 agreement regulating slavery in new western territories, admitting Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

• Northwest Ordinance: 1787 legislation that established a framework for governing the Northwest Territory and prohibited slavery in that region.

John Marshall – Daniel Webster

Topic Sentence: John Marshall and Daniel Webster both played crucial roles in shaping constitutional law, with Webster arguing many landmark cases before Marshall’s Supreme Court, advocating for federal power, webster was almost masrshalls spokes person in the house.

• John Marshall: Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835, who established the authority of the federal judiciary and reinforced federal supremacy.

• Daniel Webster: Renowned statesman and lawyer who argued several important cases before the Supreme Court, supporting strong federal government authority.

Andrew Jackson – John Quincy Adams

Topic Sentence: Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams became political rivals, with the controversial outcome of the 1824 election leading to Jackson’s eventual victory in the 1828 presidential election.

• Andrew Jackson: Military hero and populist who lost the contested 1824 election to Adams but won the presidency in 1828.

• John Quincy Adams: Sixth president of the United States, whose victory in 1824 came through what Jackson supporters called a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay.

Monroe Doctrine – Washington’s Farewell Address

Topic Sentence: The Monroe Doctrine echoed Washington’s Farewell Address by promoting American isolationism and warning European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere, reinforcing the idea of avoiding entangling alliances.

• Monroe Doctrine: 1823 policy asserting that European nations should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas, marking a bold statement of U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.

• Washington’s Farewell Address: President George Washington’s 1796 farewell message urging the United States to avoid permanent alliances and foreign entanglements, laying the foundation for later policies like the Monroe Doctrine.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819

The Court ruled that states could not tax federal institutions (specifically the national bank), reinforcing the supremacy of federal law over state law. Precedent: Strengthened federal power and upheld the doctrine of implied powers under the Constitution.

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

The Court asserted its right to review state court decisions in cases involving federal law. Precedent: Established the Supreme Court’s authority to review state court decisions, reinforcing federal judicial power.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

The Court ruled that the federal government had the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce, not the states. Precedent: Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

The Court ruled that a state law was unconstitutional for the first time, protecting property rights and upholding contracts. Precedent: Established the principle that state laws cannot violate legal contracts, and reinforced judicial review.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819):

The Court ruled that states cannot alter or revoke charters granted to private institutions. Precedent: Strengthened the sanctity of contracts and protected private corporations from state government interference.