Wildlife Policy Exam 1

Public Trust Doctrine

Wildlife held and managed in trust for the people

States Rights Doctrine

States make decisions that Feds don’t

Tragedy of the Commons

Common area open to overconsumption over use

Land Use and Policy pre-1900

Native Americans didn’t believe in private land

Europeans did and took it and started selling it 

Minimized public lands

North American Model of Wildlife Conservation

1. Wildlife as a public trust resource

2. Elimination of markets for game

3. Allocation of wildlife by law

4. Kill only for legit purpose

5. Wildlife as natural resource

6. Science-based wildlife policy

7. Democracy of hunting

Wild Bird Management Policy

Federal jurisdiction

Yellowstone Act of 1872

First National Park

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 was a United States law that allowed the President to set aside public lands

Forest Service Organic Administration Act of 1897

Established use of forest reserves and defined purposes

Purposes: preserve and protect, water/watershed protection, timber production

Lacey Act of 1900

First federal wildlife related legislation

based on interstate commerce

Prohibited transport of wildlife across states if killed in violation

Game in one state transferred to that states law

Dead animal packages clearly marked

Amendments expanded the animal inclusion

Forest Reserve Transfer Act of 1905

Forest reserve transferred from USDI to USDA

Weeks Act of 1911

Authorized federal acquisition of private lands for protection of headwaters of watersheds and designation as national forests

Provided for fire control cooperation between federal and state authorities

GAVE US CHEROKEE NATIONAL FOREST

National Park Service Act of 1916

created NPS

management for scenery, natural and historic objects and wildlife

Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918

Signed with Great Britain on behalf of Canada

Purpose was to provide for constitutional foundation for federal regulation

Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 1929

Established Federal Authority to acquire migratory bird habitat

Tariff Act of 1930

If a foreign country’s laws restrict taking or exportation of any animal it can’t come without authorization

Duck Stamp Act of 1934

Requires purchase of migratory bird stamp for waterfowl hunting

Bald and Golden Eagle Act of 1940

To protect nations symbol from extermination

Exceptions for science

1962 amendments: added some exceptions

1972 amendments: authorized some stuff

1978 amendments: can take nests which interfere with stuff

2009: interp stuff

Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956

Established comprehensive national fish and wildlife policy

Broadened authority for acquisition and development of refuges

Multiple Use/Sustained Yield Act of 1960

Required that FS consider equally all forest resources

Listed outdoor recreation, range, timber, watershed, wildlife and fish

sustained yield- harvest=production

Refuge Recreation Act of 1962

Authorized recreational use of refuges

National Wildlife Refuge System Admin Act of 1966

Provided guidelines for the Refuge System

established standard of compatability

National Environmental Policy Act of 1970

Established procedural requirements

Requires Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

Must list adverse environmental effects

National Forest Management Act of 1976

Amended Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resource Planning Act of ‘74

Must develop management plan

Wild Bird Conservation Act of 1992

establish to protect conservation of exotic birds

National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997

Preserve for future generations

requires SOI to carry the mission through

Established planning requirements

Public involvement require

Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act of 2000

Authorized funds for federal grant to conserve migratory birds in western hemisphere

Martin v. Waddell

Martin owned land in NJ

Given to his ancestors by King Charles II

Supreme Court ruled against said Public trust was vested in the state

Greer v. Connecticut

Greer legally harvested bird in Connecticut attempted to ship to NY

Prosecuted for attempted exportation (market hunting Illegal)

Argued it was federal

State had power to regulate dead and live wildlife

Missouri v. Holland

Challenged constitutionality of MBTA

MBTA took precedence over state regulations

Roosevelt

Big in making stuff happen

Politician obviously

Designated 230,000,000 acres for protection of natural areas

Grinnell

Documented plight of Bison and other species

Studied Native American cultures

Wrote about West and the Plains Native Americans

Wrote about big game species and conservation

Pinchot

Father of American Forestry

Advocated for use of forest resources BUT sustainability

Founded Society of American Foresters

Coined the term “Conservation Ethic”

Muir

Preservationist view of natural places

Instrumental in natural areas in CA

Co-founded Sierra Club

“Ding” Darling

Cartoonist

Passionate interest in conservation of natural of resources

Chief of Bureau of Biological Survey

Instrumental in Duck Stamp Act

U.S. Forest Service

Origins in Division of Forestry

Standard: “due consideration to the relative value of the various resources”

155 Forests, 20 Grasslands, some wilderness, rivers, recreation areas, scenic and historic trails

National Park Service

Divided by natural, historic and recreational units

Diverse system of lands

84 million acres

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

Lead federal agency in wildlife issues

Manages Refuge System 

Primary over migratory birds and endangered species

National Forest and Grasslands

Multiple-Use lands

USFS Manages (USDA)

National Park System Lands

Conservation Land

(USDI)

National Wildlife Refuges

Conservation Land

USFWS Manages (USDI)

Pelican Island first

The Wildlife Society

Founded in 1937

Certification for wildlife biologists

Basically Linkedin for WFS

Legislative process

• Step 1: Introduction of Bill.

• Step 2: Committee Work - Hearings.

• Step 3: Committee Work - Markup, Amendments, Report.

• Step 4: Floor Debate.

• Step 5: Passage and Consideration in Second Chamber.

• Step 6: Conference Committee (if necessary)

• Step 7: Presidential Action.